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The Pakistan Army (, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. The Pakistan Army, combined with the Navy and Air Force , makes Pakistan's armed forces the 7th Largest Military in the world. The Army is modelled on the United Kingdom armed forces and came into existence after the Independence in 1947. It has an active force of 620,000 personnel and 600,000 men in reserve that continue to serve until the age of 45. The Pakistani Army is a volunteer force and has been involved in many conflicts with India. Combined with this rich combat experience, the Army is also actively involved in contributing to United Nations peacekeeping efforts. Other foreign deployments have consisted of Pakistani Army personnel as advisers in many African, South Asia n and Arab countries. The Pakistani Army maintained Division and brigade strength presences in some of the Arab countries during the past Arab-Israeli Wars , and the first Gulf War to help the Coalition. The Pakistani Army is led by the Chief of Army Staff, currently Pervez Musharraf , who is also the President Of Pakistan . COMBAT DOCTRINE Pakistani Army has espoused a doctrine of limited "offensive-defense" which it has tried to refine consistently ever since 1989 when it was pushed out to the formations during "Exercise Zarb-e-Momin". The main purpose of this strategy is to launch a sizeable offensive into enemy territory rather than wait to be hit from the enemy's offensive attack. The doctrine is based on the premise that while on the offensive, the enemy can be kept off-balance while allowing Pakistani Army to be able to seize enemy territory of strategic importance which can be used as a bargaining chip on the negotiating table. In order to do this, currently Pakistani Army maintains two sizable strike Corps which will be backed up by holding Corps forming the defensive tier behind the strike corps. By pushing the offensive into the enemy territory, the Pakistani Army hopes to consolidate its gains inside the enemy's territory and will attempt to keep the war on the enemy side of the border rather than giving ground on the Pakistani side. In the 1990s, the Army created a strong centralized corps of reserves for its formations in the critical semi-desert and desert sectors in southern Punjab and Sindh provinces. These new formations were rapidly equipped with assets needed for mechanized capability. These reserve formations are dual-capable, meaning they can be used for offensive as well as defensive (holding) purposes. Pakistan, today has a 45 day reserve of Ammunition and fuel as compared to only 13 days in 1965 and has fairly effective and efficient lines of communication and can fully mobilize its formations in less than 96 hours owing to the lack of depth in the country's North South axis. MOTTO The motto of the Pakistani Army reads: " Iman , Taqwa , Jihad fi Sabilillah". Translated into English, it means "Faith, Piety, to strive in the path of Allah ". ORGANIZATION The Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), formerly called the Commander in Chief (C in C), is challenged with the responsibility of commanding the Pakistani Army. The COAS operates from army headquarters in Rawalpindi , near Islamabad . The Principal Staff Officers assisting him in his duties at the Lieutenant General level include a Chief of General Staff (CGS), who supervises the day to day running of the army, Director General Military Operations (DGMO), responsible for the overall operational planning; the Master General of Ordnance (MGO); the Quarter-Master General (QMG); the Adjutant General (AG); the Inspector General of Training and Evaluation (IGT&E); and the Military Secretary (MS). The headquarters function also includes the Judge Advocate General (JAG), and the Comptroller of Civilian Personnel, the Chief of the Corps of Engineers (E-in-C)who is also head of Military Engineering Service ( MES ), all of them also report to the Chief of the Army Staff. List of Chiefs of Army Staff # General Sir Frank Messervy ( August 15 1947 - February 10 1948 )1 # General Sir Douglas David Gracey ( February 11 1948 - January 16 1951 )2 # Field Marshal Ayub Khan ( January 16 1951 - October 26 1958 )3 # General Musa Khan ( October 27 1958 - June 17 1966 )4 # General Yahya Khan ( June 18 1966 – December 20 1971 )5 # General Gul Hassan ( December 20 1971 - March 3 1972 )6 # General Tikka Khan ( March 3 1972 – March 1 1976 )7 # General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( April 1 1976 - August 17 1988 )8 # General Mirza Aslam Beg ( August 17 1988 - August 16 1991 )9 # General Asif Nawaz ( August 16 1991 - January 8 1993 )10 # General Wahid Kakar ( January 8 1993 - December 1 1996 )11 # General Jehangir Karamat ( December 1 1996 - October 6 1998 )12 # General Pervez Musharraf ( October 7 1998 –present)13 STRUCTURE OF ARMY UNITS .]] The Pakistani Army is divided into two main branches which are Arms and Services. Arms include infantry, artillery, armor, engineers, and communications and Services includes ordnance Corps, maintenance and repair Corps, electrical and mechanical engineering corps, supply&transport corps, education corps, military police corps, and the remount, veterinary, and farm corps.
Corps Commanders There are 9 Corps located at various garrisons all over Pakistan.
Other commanders
HISTORY OF THE PAKISTANI ARMY See Also: Military history of Pakistan 1947 - 1958 The Pakistani Army was created on June 30 , 1947 with the division of the British Indian Army and Pakistan received six armoured, eight Artillery and eight Infantry regiments compared to the forty armoured, forty artillery and twenty one infantry regiments that went to India.58 Fearing that India would take over the disputed region of Kashmir, the newly created Pakistani Army sent in irregulars and tribal groups in 1947 which lead to the Indo-Pakistani War Of 1947 . Regular army units joined the invasion later on but were pushed back by the Indians but not before occupying the northwestern part of Kashmir (roughly 40% of Kashmir). During the 1950s, the Pakistani Army received large amounts of economic and military aid from United States and Great Britain after signing two Mutual Defense Treaties, Central Treaty Organization , (Cento) also known as the Baghdad Pact and SEATO , (South East Asian Treaty Organization) in 1954. This aid greatly expanded the Army from its modest beginnings. 1958 - 1969 in the 1965 Indo-Pak War.]] The Army seized control of Pakistan for the first time when General Ayub Khan came to power through a bloodless coup in 1958. Tensions with India continued in the 1960s and a brief border skirmish was fought near the Rann of Kutch area during April 1965, when the Indian Army was caught unprepared. After several ceasefire violations, India attacked across the international border from Sialkot to Sind sectors. The attacks were halted on all fronts, and in a series of counter-attacks the Pakistan Army penetrated six-eight miles inside Indian territory capturing more territory than the Indian Army . The biggest tank battle since World War II was fought at Chawinda, inflicting heavy casualties. India eventually asked for a ceasefire, arranged by the UN on 23 September 1965. http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/army/index.html Popular uprising against General Ayub Khan, during 1968 and 1969 resulted in Ayub Khan relinquishing his office as President and Chief of Pakistan Army in favor of General Yahya Khan who assumed power in 1969. 1969 - 1977 During the rule of General Yahya Khan, the Bengalis protested their poor conditions and civil unrest broke out in East Pakistan amidst widespread human rights abuses carried out by the Pakistani Army. The civil unrest led to what is known as Pakistani Civil War by Pakistanis and "Muktijuddho" or Bangladesh Liberation War. India joined the war on the side of Bangladesh and within a fortnight of fighting between India and Pakistan, on the 16th of December, 1971, over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers and Officers surrendered and Bangladesh became a republic. Consequently, Pakistan army was modernized at a faster pace than ever before. After the war, General Yahya Khan resigned and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over the reigns. 1977 - 1999 In 1977 the Pakistan Army took over the government of Pakistan after a Coup by General Zia Ul-Haq , which saw the end of another Democratically Elected Government leading to the hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , after he was tired and found guilty of conspiracy to murder a politician named Kasuri. General Zia Ul-Haq ruled as a military dictator until his mysterious explosion Aircraft death in 1988. In the mid-1970s the Pakistani Army was involved in fighting a popular uprising in Baluchistan. Various Baluchi factions, some with the oblique support of the USSR, wanted independence or at least greater provincial rights. The rebellion was put down but the Army suffered heavy casualties. (Pakistan controlled Kashmir) shelling Indian troops during the Kargil conflict.]] With the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the United States began to provide large scale military and economic aid to Pakistan to modernize its conventional military capability and, ostensibly at least, prevent any Soviet attacks on it. This aid was also intended as an incentive for Pakistan to aid guerrilla forces in Afghanistan . The SSG created a unit called the Black Storks in which SSG commandos were dressed up as Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan war. They were then flown into Afghanistan and provided the Mujahideen with support. The United States allocated about 40% of its assistance package to non-reimbursable credits for military purchases, the fourth largest program after Israel , Egypt , and Turkey . The remainder of the aid program was devoted to economic assistance. After the Soviets withdrew by 1989 and the Pakistani Nuclear weapons program nearing maturity, Pakistan was placed under sanctions by USA in 1990. Various weapon systems ordered by Pakistan such as F-16 Jets were not delivered but various amendments have authorized return of spare parts and end items already paid for by Pakistan. There was a period of international sanctions due to Pakistan's nuclear tests. During 1999 the Pakistan Army for the fourth time overthrew a democratically elected government which resulted in additional sanctions being placed against Pakistan The Army fought a brief but bloody border skirmish with India in Kargil 1999. Grand Mosque Seizure See Also: Grand Mosque Seizure Pakistani army also helped the Saudi Arabian Government in regaining the control of the Kaaba with the help of French Commandos. Pakistani and French security forces retook the shrine in a battle which left approximately 250 dead, and 600 wounded. Pakistani and French troops reportedly entered the Grand Mosque and flooded it with water; applied electricity to it; and electrocuted most of the rebels. Other reports said that paralyzing gas was used. Still others say the highly trained French GIGN counter-terrorist commandos led the assault. The Pakistanis and French were called in after poor results from assaults by the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG). 127 were reported to have been killed. 1999 - Present In October 1999 the Pakistan Army for the fourth time overthrew a democratically elected government which resulted in additional sanctions being placed against Pakistan, resulting in the current President, General Pervez Musharraf , coming to power in a Bloodless Coup . Musharraf had pledged to step down as Army chief in 2005 however he changed his mind, now he has indicated that he may step down as Army chief in 2007 and hold democratic elections Since the 9/11 incident, Pakistan unrecognized Taliban and has become a key ally of USA in the fight against terrorism. As part of United States war on terrorism, the army has moved over 50,000 troops to the Pakistan-Afghan border to patrol against extreme elements cross border infiltration. The Pakistan Army commenced operations in Baluchistan during 2006, resulting in the killing of the leader of the Baluchis, Nawab Akbar Bugti and has resulted in a rebellion by the Baluchistan Liberation Army . The Army also started an operation in Waziristan, which was later ended after a peace agreement was reached between the military and the local tribes. The rebellion in Baluchistan and Waziristan continues. During August 2007, around 240 soldiers and officers of Pakistan Army surrendered to the rebels in South Waziristan. On September 4, 2007, The General Head Quarters of Pakistan Army was attacked by people supported by rebels in South Waziristan. Over 27 employees of Pakistan Army's Inter Services Intelligence Unit were killed along with a high ranking General Officer of Pakistan Army. PAKISTAN ARMY ROLE IN PEACEKEEPING In the wake of the new world power equilibrium a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterized by growing national power politics and state implosions which have necessitated involvement of the United Nations peace keeping forces for conflict resolution. The United Nations has been undertaking peace keeping operations since its inception, but the need for employment of peace keeping forces has increased manifold since the Gulf War. In 1992 there were 11000 Blue Berets deployed around the world, by the end of the year the figure rose to 52000. Presently it exceeds a staggering figure of 80,000 troops. Pakistan, which firmly believes in the purposes and the principles of the United Nations Charter has, since 1960, been actively participating in the United Nations multi-national efforts to maintain peace and order around the globe. Its contribution to United Nations peace-keeping has been as wide ranging a the varied cultural, geographic, political and security conditions in which it had to operate. Pakistan’s participation in peace-keeping activities of the United Nations reflects its belief in the brotherhood of mankind and its commitment to peace across the globe. The humble contribution it has made in this regard bespeaks its desire to see the principles of human dignity, freedom and self-determination applied to all the peoples struggling to secure their inalienable basic rights. Pakistan's participation in peacekeeping activities of the United Nations reflects its belief in the brotherhood of mankind and its commitment to peace across the globe. Ever since its participation in first UN Peace Keeping Mission in Congo in 1960. Pakistan has remain committed to this cause. Pakistan Contribution in UN Peace Keeping Missions
POLITICAL POWER OF THE ARMY The Pakistani army has always played an integral part of the Pakistan government and politics since its inception. It has virtually remained as the 3rd party that has seized power every now and then in the name of stabilizing Pakistan. The first of them was General Ayub Khan who came to power through a coup in 1958 . Later, General Yahya Khan would assume power in 1969 . After the 71 war the democratic setup was restored only to be cut short in 1977 after a Coup which saw the end of another democratically elected Government and the Hanging of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the Pakistani Premier. General Zia Ul-Haq ruled as a dictator virtually unopposed until his death in 1988 . Despite the exit of the army from mainstream politics, the political muscle of the military was everpresent. The current President, General Pervez Musharraf , came to power in a Bloodless Coup in October 1999 overthrowing the last democratically elected government led by Nawaz Sharif . Fauji Foundation Fauji Foundation (established in 1954) is a charitable trust, operating on a completely self sustaining basis, channeling approximately 80% of the profits from commercial ventures into social protection programmes that serve a beneficiary population representing approximately 7% of the country’s population. http://www.fauji.org.pk/ Spending more than Rs. 21 billion since inception on welfare, the Foundation provides services in the areas of healthcare, education, educational stipends, technical and vocational training.
Considered the most sustainable social protection mechanism in the country, Fauji Foundation provides welfare services to approximately 10 million individuals on a completely sustainable basis. Running autonomously for over 50 years, the foundation has been providing healthcare, education, vocational and technical training to over 7% of the country’s population through 294 welfare projects. http://www.fauji.org.pk/Webforms/FFWelfare.aspx?Id=81 PERSONNEL TRAINING Enlisted ranks Most enlisted personnel used to come from rural families, and many have only rudimentary literacy skills, but with the increase in the litracy level the requirments have been raised to Matriculate level(10th Grade). Recruits are processed gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, taught the official language, Urdu , if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts. In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village. Enlisted men usually serve for eighteen years, during which they participate in regular training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance. Officer Ranks About 320 men enter the army bi-annually through the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul in Abbottabad in the North West Frontier Province ; a small number--especially physicians and technical specialists--are directly recruited, and these persons are part of the heart of the officer corps. The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the officer corps have completed twelve years of education and spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided about equally between military training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includes English-language skills. The army has twelve other training establishments, including schools concentrating on specific skills such as infantry, artillery, intelligence, or mountain warfare. A National University of Science and Technology (NUST) has been established which has absorbed the existing colleges of engineering, signals, and electrical engineering. At the apex of the army training system is the Command And Staff College at Quetta , one of the few institutions inherited from the colonial period. The college offers a ten-month course in tactics, staff duties, administration, and command functions through the division level. Students from foreign countries, including the United States, have attended the school but reportedly have been critical of its narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics. The senior training institution for all service branches is the National Defence University . Originally established in 1971 at Rawalpindi , to provide training in higher military strategy for senior officers, the school house was relocated to Islamabad in 1995. It also offers courses that allow civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security. In a program begun in the 1980s to upgrade the intellectual standards of the officer corps and increase awareness of the wider world, a small group of officers, has been detailed to academic training, achieving master's degrees and even doctorates at universities in Pakistan and abroad. Pakistani officers were sent abroad during the 1950s and into the 1960s for training in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, and especially to the United States, where trainees numbering well in the hundreds attended a full range of institutions ranging from armored and infantry schools to the higher staff and command institutions. After 1961 this training was coordinated under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, but numbers varied along with vicissitudes in the United States-Pakistan military relationship. Of some 200 officers being sent abroad annually in the 1980s, over two-thirds went to the United States, but the cessation of United States aid in 1990 entailed suspension of the IMET program. In 1994 virtually all foreign training was in Commonwealth countries. However, after the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan again has begun sending officers to US Army schools. Today there are more than 400 officers serving in foreign countries. Officers retire between the ages of fifty-two and sixty, depending on their rank. RELIEF OPERATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT helicopter October 19.]] In times of natural disaster, such as the great floods of 1992 or the October 2005 devastating Earthquake , army engineers, medical and logistics personnel, and the armed forces played a major role in bringing relief and supplies. The army also engaged in extensive economic activities. Most of these enterprises, such as stud and dairy farms, were for the army's own use, but others performed functions beneficial to the local civilian economy. Army factories produced such goods as sugar, fertilizer, and brass castings and sold them to civilian consumers. Several army organizations performed functions that were important to the civilian sector across the country. For example, the National Logistics Cell was responsible for trucking food and other goods across the country; the Frontier Works Organization built the Karakoram Highway to China ; and the Special Communication Organization maintained communications networks in remote parts of Pakistan. WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN THE ARMY Women Women have served in the Pakistani Army since its foundation. Currently, there is a sizable number of Women serving in the army. Most women are recruited in the regular Army to perform medical and educational work. There is also a Women's Guard section of Pakistan's National Guard where women are trained in nursing, welfare and clerical work and there are also women recruited in very limited numbers for the Janbaz Force. Only recently has Pakistan began to recruit women for combat positions and the Elite Anti-Terrorist Force recently graduated women candidates to be Sky Marshals for Pakistan based airlines.59 In addition recently eight of the 41 cadets from the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul became the first women guards of honour.60 Pakistan is the only country in the Islamic world to have women Major Generals in the Army.61 Minorities Recruitment is nationwide and the army attempts to maintain an ethnic balance but most enlisted recruits, as in British times, come from a few districts in northern Punjab Province and the adjacent Azad Kashmir and the North West Frontier Province . Pakistan's Officer Corps are also mostly from Punjab and the North West Frontier Province and of middle-class, rural backgrounds. This has caused some resentment to the other ethnic groups in Pakistan especially when the Army conducts operation in those areas where Punjabis are not a majority. The army has been criticized by the locals for lacking ethnic sensitivity. Efforts have been undertaken to recruit more ethnic groups such as Sindhis , and Baloch is into the Pakistani Army. Minorities in Pakistan are allowed to sit in all examinations, including the one conducted by Inter Services Selection Board however the proportion of religious minorities in the Pakistan army is still considerably very less.The first Sikh officer was recently inducted into the army and is expected to set the tone for future recruitment for minorities.62 The Pakistan army also recruited a Hindu for the first time in its 60-year-old history. 63 The army sees itself as a national institution and thus many non-muslim officers (including Qadiyanis) have achieved high ranks within the army64. Rank structure and uniform insignia NISHAN-E-HAIDER The Nishan-e-Haider (Urdu: نشان حیدر) (Sign of the Lion), is the highest military award given by Pakistan. Recipients Nishan-e-Haider recipients receive an honorary title as a sign of respect: ''Shaheed'' meaning ''martyr'' for deceased recipients and ''Ghazi'' meaning ''victor'' for living recipients. # Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed (1910– July 27 , 1948 ) # Major Tufail Muhammad Shaheed (1914– August 7 , 1958 ) # Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed (1928– September 10 , 1965 ) # Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed (1938–1971) # Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed(Air Force) (1951– August 20 , 1971 ) # Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed (1943– December 6 , 1971 ) # Jawan Sowar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed (1949– December 10 , 1971 ) # Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed (1944– December 17 , 1971 ) # Captain Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed (1970– July 5 , 1999 ) # Lalak Jan Shaheed (1967– July 7 , 1999 ) SPECIAL FORCES See Also: Special Services Group The Special Service Group (SSG) is an independent commando division of the Pakistan Army. It is an elite special operations force similar to the British Special Air Service and the United States Army Special Forces (Green Berets). Official numbers are put at 2,100 men, in 3 Battalions; however the actual strength is classified. It is estimated to have been increased to 4 Battalions, with the eventual formation of 2 Brigades of Special Forces (6 Battalions). WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT Small arms s]] Cobra]]
Mortars
Anti-tank guided weapons
Army Air Defence
MISSILES List of Pakistani strategic missiles: Note: Not every missile has nuclear payload. The M-11 Chinese missile is in service too, which is a Short-Range Ballistic Missile with a max range of 300km it uses solid fuel and can carry a payload of around 500 kg. In addition, there exists the Shaheen-III which is under research and development and will be solid fueled like the others in the Shaheen series. It will have a range of 3600+ km and a payload of 1000+ kg. This weapon is an Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile. It has been recently reported by the Pakistani Press ('' Daily Jang '') that Pakistan has the ability to MIRV its missiles. This has been seen as possibly the greatest achievement to date. It has also been reported that Pakistan would likely MIRV its Shaheen II missile. FUTURE PLANS Throughout the International Defence Exhibition & Seminar (IDEAS) at Karachi in November 2006, Pakistani firms have signed joint development, production and marketing agreements with defence firms from South Korea, France and Ukraine. These agreements include new reactive armour bricks, 155 mm artillery shells, and other developments in armour and land weaponry. These agreements all relate to the Pakistan Army's AFFDP-2019 modernization program of its armour, artillery and infantry. A few months prior to IDEAS 2006, the Pakistan Army and Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) announced the development of the Al Khalid II Main Battle Tank (MBT). The Al Khalid II is poised to become the Pakistan Army's backbone main battle tank from 2012; thus replacing 1200 obsolete Chinese T-59 and 300 T-85IIAP. Not much is known about this tank, but it is reported that the Al Khalid II is a very extensive upgrade of the current Al Khalid. Other reports suggest that it will be an entirely new tank that is based off Western designs. Turkish press reported that a Pakistani armour firm will participate in the Turkey's new generation tank project. Turkey and Pakistan have signed many memorandums of understanding in various defence-related fields. Given that many Pakistani firms have signed joint agreements with Western firms, it is possible that a considerable part of the Al Khalid II's design will be influenced from the Turkish tank design. Nonetheless, the new generation tank is expected to form the backbone of the Pakistan Army's tank force; in the long-term. The Pakistan Army will standardize its artillery capability to 155 mm by 2019. This can be seen by the acquisition of 115 M109A5 self-propelled howitzers from the United States, and joint production deals of 155 mm shells with French and South Korean firms. It is expected that the army will procure a range of light, medium and heavy towed and self-propelled howitzer artillery from China, Europe and the United States. These will replace all non-155mm and older systems. The Army reportedly ordered and procured an undisclosed number of WS-1B Multiple Launch Rocket Systems (MLRS). As part of the artillery modernization program, the Army will likely procure a fair number of new MLRS systems of various ranges and shell sizes. Modernization of the Army Aviation is underway with the procurement of new transport and attack helicopters from the United States, Russia and Europe. Finalized acquisitions include 26 Bell 412EP and at least a dozen Mi-17 medium-lift transport helicopters from the U.S and Russia, respectively. 40 Bell 407 and an unknown number of Fennec light helicopters from the U.S and Eurocopter have also been ordered, respectively. Plans are underway to begin replacing the IAR 330 Puma , older Mil Mi-8/17, Bell Jet Rangers and older Huey helicopters; options include the Eurocopter NH-90 Tactical Transport Helicopter and UH-60M Blackhawk. The Pakistan Army procured dozens of excess AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters since 2002; at least 52 have been brought into service to supplement the serving 18. The army reportedly has upgraded its entire fleet with AH-1Z King Cobra avionics and new weapon systems such as the TOW-2 and Hellfire missiles. Up to 30 new-generation attack helicopters will be procured to further enhance the Army's attack aviation arm; options include the Eurocopter Tiger, South African AH-2 Rooivalk and Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow. NOTES REFERENCES
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