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After the successful introduction of two-part names for species by Linnaeus it became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. From the mid-nineteenth century onwards there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. In the course of time these became the present Nomenclature Codes governing the naming of
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ''CODES'' Starting point The starting point, that is the time from which these ''Codes'' are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank. In Botany the starting point will often be 1753, in Zoology 1758. On the other hand Bacteriology started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980, although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication. Workings There are also differences in the way ''Codes'' work. For example, the ''ICBN'' (the plant ''Code'') forbids Tautonym s, while the ''ICZN'', (the animal ''Code'') allows them. Terminology These ''Codes'' differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the ''ICBN'' uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (= the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the ''ICZN'' equivalent. The ''ICZN'' uses "valid" in "valid name" (="correct name"), with "correct name" as the ''ICBN'' equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress. OTHER CODES A more radical approach is to replace all existing ''Codes'' by a ''BioCode'', basically a synthesis of the existing ''Codes''. 12 The BioCode draft has received little attention since 1997; its originally planned implementation date of January 1, 2000, has passed unnoticed. Another code in development is the '' PhyloCode '', which regulates Phylogenetic Nomenclature rather than Linnaean Nomenclature (that is, it requires Phylogenetic Definitions for every name, and does not contain mandatory ranks). Implementation is tentatively scheduled for sometime before 2010. The formal names of cultivated plants are governed by the '' ICNCP ''. This code operates within the limits set by the ''ICBN'', but uses different basic principles. SEE ALSO REFERENCES External links
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