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The state of some countries changed from when a Nobel laureate lived in the country, became a laureate, and today. The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two situations: (1) the state of the country when the laureate emigrated or (2) the state of the country when he/she became a Nobel laureate. Some laureates obtained additional citizenships in their lifetime. For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship. For laureates who obtained additional citizenships ''after'' winning the Nobel prize, the flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two situations: (1) the state of the country at their death or (2) the current state of the country.

  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1902" class="copylinks">1902
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Ronald_Ross" class="copylinks">Ronald Ross , ''''
  "for His Work On "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/malaria" class="copylinks">Malaria , by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1903" class="copylinks">1903
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" class="copylinks">Niels Ryberg Finsen , '' ''
  "in Recognition Of His Contribution To The Treatment Of Diseases, Especially "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/lupus_vulgaris" class="copylinks">Lupus Vulgaris , with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1904" class="copylinks">1904
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov" class="copylinks">Ivan Petrovich Pavlov , ''''
  "in Recognition Of His Work On The Physiology Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/digestive_system" class="copylinks">Digestion , through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1905" class="copylinks">1905
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Robert_Koch" class="copylinks">Robert Koch , ''''
  "for His Investigations And Discoveries In Relation To "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/tuberculosis" class="copylinks">Tuberculosis "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1906" class="copylinks">1906
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Camillo_Golgi" class="copylinks">Camillo Golgi , ''''<br /> Santiago Ramón Y Cajal , ''''
  "in Recognition Of Their Work On The Structure Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/nervous_system" class="copylinks">Nervous System "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1907" class="copylinks">1907
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" class="copylinks">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran , ''''
  "in Recognition Of His Work On The Role Played By "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/protozoa" class="copylinks">Protozoa in causing diseases"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1908" class="copylinks">1908
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" class="copylinks">Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov , ''''<br /> Paul Ehrlich , ''''
  "in Recognition Of Their Work On "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/immune_system" class="copylinks">Immunity "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1909" class="copylinks">1909
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" class="copylinks">Emil Theodor Kocher , ''''
  "for His Work On The Physiology, Pathology And Surgery Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/thyroid_gland" class="copylinks">Thyroid Gland "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1910" class="copylinks">1910
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Albrecht_Kossel" class="copylinks">Albrecht Kossel , ''''
  "in Recognition Of The Contributions To Our Knowledge Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cell_biology" class="copylinks">Cell Chemistry made through his work on Protein s, including the Nucleic Substances "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1911" class="copylinks">1911
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Allvar_Gullstrand" class="copylinks">Allvar Gullstrand , ''''
  "for His Work On The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/dioptrics" class="copylinks">Dioptrics of the Eye "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1912" class="copylinks">1912
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Alexis_Carrel" class="copylinks">Alexis Carrel , ''''
  "in Recognition Of His Work On Vascular "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/suture" class="copylinks">Suture and the Transplantation of Blood Vessel s and Organ s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1913" class="copylinks">1913
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Charles_Robert_Richet" class="copylinks">Charles Robert Richet , ''''
  "in Recognition Of His Work On "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/_anaphylaxis" class="copylinks"> Anaphylaxis "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1914" class="copylinks">1914
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Robert_Bárány" class="copylinks">Robert Bárány , ''''
  "for His Work On The Physiology And Pathology Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/vestibular_apparatus" class="copylinks">Vestibular Apparatus "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1915" class="copylinks">1915
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1916" class="copylinks">1916
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1917" class="copylinks">1917
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1918" class="copylinks">1918
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1919" class="copylinks">1919
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Jules_Bordet" class="copylinks">Jules Bordet , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Relating To "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/immune_system" class="copylinks">Immunity "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1920" class="copylinks">1920
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Schack_August_Steenberg_Krogh" class="copylinks">Schack August Steenberg Krogh , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Capillary Motor Regulating Mechanism" (for Showing That The Gas Exchange In The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/lung" class="copylinks">Lung s is ordinary Diffusion )
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1921" class="copylinks">1921
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1922" class="copylinks">1922
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" class="copylinks">Archibald Vivian Hill , ''''
  "for His Discovery Relating To The Production Of Heat In The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/muscle" class="copylinks">Muscle "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1922" class="copylinks">1922
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" class="copylinks">Otto Fritz Meyerhof , ''
  "for His Discovery Of The Fixed Relationship Between The Consumption Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/oxygen" class="copylinks">Oxygen and the Metabolism of Lactic Acid in the muscle"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1923" class="copylinks">1923
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Frederick_Banting" class="copylinks">Frederick Grant Banting , ''''<br /> John James Richard Macleod , '', ''
  "for The Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/insulin" class="copylinks">Insulin "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1924" class="copylinks">1924
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Willem_Einthoven" class="copylinks">Willem Einthoven , ''''
  "for The Discovery Of The Mechanism Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/electrocardiogram" class="copylinks">Electrocardiogram "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1925" class="copylinks">1925
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1926" class="copylinks">1926
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" class="copylinks">Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Spiroptera_carcinoma" class="copylinks">Spiroptera Carcinoma "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1927" class="copylinks">1927
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" class="copylinks">Julius Wagner-Jauregg , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Therapeutic Value Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/malaria" class="copylinks">Malaria Inoculation in the treatment of Dementia Paralytica "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1928" class="copylinks">1928
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Charles_Jules_Henri_Nicolle" class="copylinks">Charles Jules Henri Nicolle , ''''
  "for His Work On "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/typhus" class="copylinks">Typhus "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1929" class="copylinks">1929
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Christiaan_Eijkman" class="copylinks">Christiaan Eijkman , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Antineuritic "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/vitamin" class="copylinks">Vitamin "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1929" class="copylinks">1929
  Sir "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" class="copylinks">Frederick Gowland Hopkins , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Growth-stimulating "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/vitamin" class="copylinks">Vitamin s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1930" class="copylinks">1930
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Karl_Landsteiner" class="copylinks">Karl Landsteiner , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of Human "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/blood_group" class="copylinks">Blood Group s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1931" class="copylinks">1931
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" class="copylinks">Otto Heinrich Warburg , ''
  "for His Discovery Of The Nature And Mode Of Action Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cytochrome" class="copylinks">Respiratory Enzyme "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1932" class="copylinks">1932
  Sir "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" class="copylinks">Charles Scott Sherrington , ''''<br /> Edgar Douglas Adrian , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Regarding The Functions Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/neuron" class="copylinks">Neuron s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1933" class="copylinks">1933
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" class="copylinks">Thomas Hunt Morgan , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning The Role Played By The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/chromosome" class="copylinks">Chromosome in Heredity "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1934" class="copylinks">1934
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/George_Hoyt_Whipple" class="copylinks">George Hoyt Whipple , ''''<br /> George Richards Minot , ''''<br /> William Parry Murphy , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/liver" class="copylinks">Liver therapy in cases of Anaemia "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1935" class="copylinks">1935
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Hans_Spemann" class="copylinks">Hans Spemann , ''
  "for His Discovery Of The Organizer Effect In "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/embryonic_development" class="copylinks">Embryonic Development "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1936" class="copylinks">1936
  "for Their Discoveries Relating To "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/neurotransmitter" class="copylinks">Chemical Transmission Of Nerve Impulses "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1937" class="copylinks">1937
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Albert_Szent-Györgyi" class="copylinks">Albert Szent-Györgyi Von Nagyrapolt , ''''
  "for His Discoveries In Connection With The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cellular_respiration" class="copylinks">Biological Combustion Processes , with special reference to Vitamin C and the catalysis of Fumaric Acid "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1938" class="copylinks">1938
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Corneille_Heymans" class="copylinks">Corneille Jean François Heymans , ''''
  "for The Discovery Of The Role Played By The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Paranasal_sinus" class="copylinks">Sinus and Aortic Mechanisms in the regulation of Respiration "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1939" class="copylinks">1939
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Gerhard_Domagk" class="copylinks">Gerhard Domagk , ''''
  "for The Discovery Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/antibacterial" class="copylinks">Antibacterial effects of Prontosil "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1940" class="copylinks">1940
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1941" class="copylinks">1941
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1942" class="copylinks">1942
  "No" class="copylinks" target="_blank">award
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1943" class="copylinks">1943
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Carl_Peter_Henrik_Dam" class="copylinks">Carl Peter Henrik Dam , ''''<br /> Edward Adelbert Doisy , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/vitamin_K" class="copylinks">Vitamin K "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1943" class="copylinks">1943
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" class="copylinks">Edward Adelbert Doisy , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Chemical Nature Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/vitamin_K" class="copylinks">Vitamin K "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1944" class="copylinks">1944
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Joseph_Erlanger" class="copylinks">Joseph Erlanger , ''''<br /> Herbert Spencer Gasser , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Relating To The Highly Differentiated Functions Of Single "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/nerve_fibre" class="copylinks">Nerve Fibre s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1945" class="copylinks">1945
  Sir "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Alexander_Fleming" class="copylinks">Alexander Fleming , ''''<br /> Ernst Boris Chain , '', ''<br /> Sir Howard Walter Florey , '', ''
  "for The Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/penicillin" class="copylinks">Penicillin and its curative effect in various Infectious Disease s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1946" class="copylinks">1946
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" class="copylinks">Hermann Joseph Muller , ''''
  "for The Discovery Of The Production Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/mutation" class="copylinks">Mutation s by means of X-ray Irradiation "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1947" class="copylinks">1947
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" class="copylinks">Carl Ferdinand Cori , '', ''<br /> Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz), '', ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of The Course Of The Catalytic Conversion Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/glycogen" class="copylinks">Glycogen "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1947" class="copylinks">1947
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Bernardo_Alberto_Houssay" class="copylinks">Bernardo Alberto Houssay , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Part Played By The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/hormone" class="copylinks">Hormone of the Anterior Pituitary lobe in the metabolism of Sugar "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1948" class="copylinks">1948
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Paul_Hermann_Muller" class="copylinks">Paul Hermann Müller , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The High Efficiency Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/DDT" class="copylinks">DDT as a contact Poison Against Several Arthropods "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1949" class="copylinks">1949
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" class="copylinks">Walter Rudolf Hess , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Functional Organization Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/midbrain" class="copylinks">Interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1949" class="copylinks">1949
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Antonio_Caetano_De_Abreu_Freire_Egas_Moniz" class="copylinks">Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Therapeutic Value Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/leucotomy" class="copylinks">Leucotomy in certain psychoses"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1950" class="copylinks">1950
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" class="copylinks">Edward Calvin Kendall , ''''<br /> Tadeus Reichstein , '', ''<br /> Philip Showalter Hench , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Relating To The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/hormone" class="copylinks">Hormone s of the Adrenal Cortex , their structure and biological effects"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1951" class="copylinks">1951
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Max_Theiler" class="copylinks">Max Theiler , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/yellow_fever" class="copylinks">Yellow Fever and how to combat it"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1952" class="copylinks">1952
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Selman_Abraham_Waksman" class="copylinks">Selman Abraham Waksman , '', 1916 : ''
  "for His Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/streptomycin" class="copylinks">Streptomycin , the first Antibiotic effective against Tuberculosis "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1953" class="copylinks">1953
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" class="copylinks">Hans Adolf Krebs , '', ''
  "for His Discovery Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/citric_acid_cycle" class="copylinks">Citric Acid Cycle "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1953" class="copylinks">1953
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" class="copylinks">Fritz Albert Lipmann , '', ''
  "for His Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/coenzyme_A" class="copylinks">Co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1954" class="copylinks">1954
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/John_Franklin_Enders" class="copylinks">John Franklin Enders , ''''<br /> Thomas Huckle Weller , ''''<br /> Frederick Chapman Robbins , ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of The Ability Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/poliomyelitis" class="copylinks">Poliomyelitis Virus es to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1955" class="copylinks">1955
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Axel_Hugo_Theodor_Theorell" class="copylinks">Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning The Nature And Mode Of Action Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/oxidation_enzyme" class="copylinks">Oxidation Enzyme s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1956" class="copylinks">1956
  , ''''<br /> "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Dickinson_W_Richards" class="copylinks">Dickinson W Richards , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/heart_catheterization" class="copylinks">Heart Catheterization and pathological changes in the Circulatory System "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1957" class="copylinks">1957
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Daniel_Bovet" class="copylinks">Daniel Bovet , '', ''
  "for His Discoveries Relating To "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/antihistamine" class="copylinks">Synthetic Compounds That Inhibit The Action Of Certain Body Substances , and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1958" class="copylinks">1958
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/George_Wells_Beadle" class="copylinks">George Wells Beadle , ''''<br /> Edward Lawrie Tatum , ''''
  "for Their Discovery That "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/gene" class="copylinks">Gene s act by regulating definite chemical events"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1958" class="copylinks">1958
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Joshua_Lederberg" class="copylinks">Joshua Lederberg ''''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/genetic_recombination" class="copylinks">Genetic Recombination and the organization of the Genetic Material of Bacteria "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1959" class="copylinks">1959
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Severo_Ochoa" class="copylinks">Severo Ochoa , '', ''<br /> Arthur Kornberg , ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of The Mechanisms In The Biological Synthesis Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/ribonucleic_acid" class="copylinks">Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1960" class="copylinks">1960
  Sir "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" class="copylinks">Frank Macfarlane Burnet , '', ''<br /> Peter Brian Medawar , '', ''
  "for Discovery Of Acquired "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/immune_tolerance" class="copylinks">Immunological Tolerance "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1961" class="copylinks">1961
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Georg_von_Békésy" class="copylinks">Georg Von Békésy , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Of The Physical Mechanism Of Stimulation Within The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cochlea" class="copylinks">Cochlea "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1962" class="copylinks">1962
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Francis_Harry_Compton_Crick" class="copylinks">Francis Harry Compton Crick , ''''<br /> James Dewey Watson , ''''<br /> Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins , '', ''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Molecular Structure Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/nucleic_acid" class="copylinks">Nucleic Acid s and its significance for information transfer in living material"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1963" class="copylinks">1963
  Sir "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/John_Carew_Eccles" class="copylinks">John Carew Eccles , ''''<br /> Alan Lloyd Hodgkin , ''''<br /> Andrew Fielding Huxley , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Ionic Mechanisms Involved In Excitation And Inhibition In The Peripheral And Central Portions Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/nerve" class="copylinks">Nerve Cell Membrane "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1964" class="copylinks">1964
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Konrad_Bloch" class="copylinks">Konrad Bloch , '', ''<br /> Feodor Lynen , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Mechanism And Regulation Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cholesterol" class="copylinks">Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Metabolism "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1965" class="copylinks">1965
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/François_Jacob" class="copylinks">François Jacob , ''''<br /> André Lwoff , ''''<br /> Jacques Monod , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Transcription_(genetics)" class="copylinks">Genetic Control Of Enzyme and Virus Synthesis "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1966" class="copylinks">1966
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Peyton_Rous" class="copylinks">Peyton Rous , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/tumour" class="copylinks">Tumour -inducing Virus es"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1966" class="copylinks">1966
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Charles_B_Huggins" class="copylinks">Charles B Huggins , '', ''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Hormonal_therapy_(oncology)" class="copylinks">Hormonal Treatment of Prostatic Cancer "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1967" class="copylinks">1967
  , ''''<br /> "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/George_Wald" class="copylinks">George Wald , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Primary Physiological And Chemical Visual Processes In The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/eye" class="copylinks">Eye "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1968" class="copylinks">1968
  "for Their Interpretation Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/genetic_code" class="copylinks">Genetic Code and its function in Protein Synthesis "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1969" class="copylinks">1969
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Max_Delbrück" class="copylinks">Max Delbrück , '', ''<br /> Alfred Hershey , ''''<br /> Salvador E Luria , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Replication Mechanism And The Genetic Structure Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/virus" class="copylinks">Virus es"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1970" class="copylinks">1970
  Sir , ''''<br /> "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Julius_Axelrod" class="copylinks">Julius Axelrod , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Humoral "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/neurotransmitter" class="copylinks">Transmittors In The Nerve Terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1971" class="copylinks">1971
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Earl_W_Sutherland,_Jr" class="copylinks">Earl W Sutherland, Jr , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning The Mechanisms Of The Action Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/hormone" class="copylinks">Hormone s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1972" class="copylinks">1972
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Gerald_M_Edelman" class="copylinks">Gerald M Edelman , ''''<br /> Rodney R Porter , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Chemical Structure Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/antibodies" class="copylinks">Antibodies "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1973" class="copylinks">1973
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Karl_von_Frisch" class="copylinks">Karl Von Frisch , ''''<br /> Konrad Lorenz , ''''<br /> Nikolaas Tinbergen , ''''
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1974" class="copylinks">1974
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Albert_Claude" class="copylinks">Albert Claude , ''''<br /> Christian De Duve , ''''<br /> George E Palade , '', 1952 : ''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/organelle" class="copylinks">Structural And Functional Organization Of The Cell "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1975" class="copylinks">1975
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/David_Baltimore" class="copylinks">David Baltimore , ''''<br /> Renato Dulbecco , '', ''<br /> Howard Martin Temin , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Interaction Between "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/tumour_virus" class="copylinks">Tumour Virus es and the genetic material of the cell"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1976" class="copylinks">1976
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Baruch_S_Blumberg" class="copylinks">Baruch S Blumberg , ''''<br /> D Carleton Gajdusek , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning New Mechanisms For The Origin And Dissemination Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/infectious_disease" class="copylinks">Infectious Disease s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1977" class="copylinks">1977
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/peptide_hormone" class="copylinks">Peptide Hormone production of the Brain "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1977" class="copylinks">1977
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Rosalyn_Yalow" class="copylinks">Rosalyn Yalow , ''''
  "for The Development Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/radioimmunoassay" class="copylinks">Radioimmunoassay s of Peptide Hormone s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1978" class="copylinks">1978
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Werner_Arber" class="copylinks">Werner Arber , ''''<br /> Daniel Nathans , ''''<br /> Hamilton O Smith , ''''
  "for The Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/restriction_enzyme" class="copylinks">Restriction Enzyme s and their application to problems of Molecular Genetics "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1979" class="copylinks">1979
  "for The Development Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/computer_assisted_tomography" class="copylinks">Computer Assisted Tomography "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1980" class="copylinks">1980
  , ''''<br /> "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/George_D_Snell" class="copylinks">George D Snell , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning Genetically Determined "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/major_histocompatibility_complex" class="copylinks">Structures On The Cell Surface that regulate Immunological Reactions "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1981" class="copylinks">1981
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Roger_W_Sperry" class="copylinks">Roger W Sperry , ''''
  "for His Discoveries Concerning The Functional Specialization Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cerebral_hemisphere" class="copylinks">Cerebral Hemisphere s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1981" class="copylinks">1981
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/David_H_Hubel" class="copylinks">David H Hubel , ''''<br /> Torsten N Wiesel , ''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning Information Processing In The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/visual_system" class="copylinks">Visual System "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1982" class="copylinks">1982
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Sune_Bergström" class="copylinks">Sune Bergström , ''''<br /> Bengt I Samuelsson , ''''<br /> John R Vane , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/prostaglandin" class="copylinks">Prostaglandin s and related biologically active substances"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1983" class="copylinks">1983
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Barbara_McClintock" class="copylinks">Barbara McClintock , ''''
  "for Her Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/transposon" class="copylinks">Mobile Genetic Elements "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1984" class="copylinks">1984
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Niels_K_Jerne" class="copylinks">Niels K Jerne , ''''<br /> Georges JF Köhler , ''''<br /> César Milstein , '', ''
  "for Theories Concerning The Specificity In Development And Control Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/immune_system" class="copylinks">Immune System and the discovery of the principle for production of Monoclonal Antibodies "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1985" class="copylinks">1985
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Michael_S_Brown" class="copylinks">Michael S Brown , ''''<br /> Joseph L Goldstein , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Regulation Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cholesterol" class="copylinks">Cholesterol Metabolism "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1986" class="copylinks">1986
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Stanley_Cohen_(doctor)" class="copylinks">Stanley Cohen , ''''<br /> Rita Levi-Montalcini , '', ''
  "for Their Discoveries Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/growth_factor" class="copylinks">Growth Factor s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1987" class="copylinks">1987
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Susumu_Tonegawa" class="copylinks">Susumu Tonegawa , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of The Genetic Principle For Generation Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/antibody" class="copylinks">Antibody diversity"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1988" class="copylinks">1988
  Sir "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/James_W_Black" class="copylinks">James W Black , ''''<br /> Gertrude B Elion , ''''<br /> George H Hitchings , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Of Important Principles For "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Pharmacology" class="copylinks">Drug Treatment "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1989" class="copylinks">1989
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/J_Michael_Bishop" class="copylinks">J Michael Bishop , ''''<br /> Harold E Varmus , ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of The Cellular Origin Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/retrovirus" class="copylinks">Retroviral Oncogene s"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1990" class="copylinks">1990
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Joseph_E_Murray" class="copylinks">Joseph E Murray , ''''<br /> E Donnall Thomas , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning Organ And Cell "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/transplantation" class="copylinks">Transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1991" class="copylinks">1991
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Erwin_Neher" class="copylinks">Erwin Neher , ''''<br /> Bert Sakmann , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Function Of Single "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/ion_channel" class="copylinks">Ion Channel s in cells"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1992" class="copylinks">1992
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Edmond_H_Fischer" class="copylinks">Edmond H Fischer , '', ''<br /> Edwin G Krebs , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning Reversible "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/protein" class="copylinks">Protein Phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1993" class="copylinks">1993
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Richard_J_Roberts" class="copylinks">Richard J Roberts , ''''<br /> Phillip A Sharp , ''''
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1994" class="copylinks">1994
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Alfred_G_Gilman" class="copylinks">Alfred G Gilman , ''''<br /> Martin Rodbell , ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/G-protein" class="copylinks">G-protein s and the role of these proteins in Signal Transduction in cells"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1995" class="copylinks">1995
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Edward_B_Lewis" class="copylinks">Edward B Lewis , ''''<br /> Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard , ''''<br /> Eric F Wieschaus , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Genetic Control Of Early "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/embryonic_development" class="copylinks">Embryonic Development "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1996" class="copylinks">1996
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Peter_Doherty" class="copylinks">Peter C Doherty , ''''<br /> Rolf M Zinkernagel , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning The Specificity Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/major_histocompatibility_complex" class="copylinks">Cell Mediated Immune Defence "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1997" class="copylinks">1997
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Stanley_B_Prusiner" class="copylinks">Stanley B Prusiner , ''''
  "for His Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Prion" class="copylinks">Prion s - a new biological principle of infection"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1998" class="copylinks">1998
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Robert_F_Furchgott" class="copylinks">Robert F Furchgott , ''''<br /> Louis J Ignarro , ''''<br /> Ferid Murad , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/nitric_oxide" class="copylinks">Nitric Oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/1999" class="copylinks">1999
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Günter_Blobel" class="copylinks">Günter Blobel , '', 1987 : ''
  "for The Discovery That "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/protein" class="copylinks">Protein s have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2000" class="copylinks">2000
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Arvid_Carlsson" class="copylinks">Arvid Carlsson , ''''<br /> Paul Greengard , ''''<br /> Eric R Kandel , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/signal_transduction" class="copylinks">Signal Transduction in the Nervous System "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2001" class="copylinks">2001
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Leland_H_Hartwell" class="copylinks">Leland H Hartwell , ''''<br /> R Timothy (Tim) Hunt , ''''<br /> Sir Paul M Nurse , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Of Key Regulators Of The "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/cell_cycle" class="copylinks">Cell Cycle "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2002" class="copylinks">2002
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Sydney_Brenner" class="copylinks">Sydney Brenner , '', '', 2003 :
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning 'genetic Regulation Of Organ Development And "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/apoptosis" class="copylinks">Programmed Cell Death '"
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2003" class="copylinks">2003
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Paul_Lauterbur" class="copylinks">Paul Lauterbur , ''''<br /> Sir Peter Mansfield , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Concerning "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/magnetic_resonance_imaging" class="copylinks">Magnetic Resonance Imaging "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2004" class="copylinks">2004
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Richard_Axel" class="copylinks">Richard Axel , ''''<br /> Linda B Buck , ''''
  "for Their Discoveries Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/odorant_receptor" class="copylinks">Odorant Receptor s and the organization of the Olfactory System "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2005" class="copylinks">2005
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Barry_J_Marshall" class="copylinks">Barry J Marshall , ''''<br /> J Robin Warren , ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of The Bacterium '' "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Helicobacter_pylori" class="copylinks">Helicobacter Pylori '' and its role in Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease "
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/2006" class="copylinks">2006
  "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/Andrew_Z_Fire" class="copylinks">Andrew Z Fire , ''''<br /> Craig C Mello , ''''
  "for Their Discovery Of "http://wwwinformationdelightinfo/information/entry/RNA_interference" class="copylinks">RNA Interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"