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Eunice Kathleen Waymon, better known by her Stage Name '''Nina Simone''' ( February 21 , 1933 – April 21 , 2003 ), was an American Singer , Songwriter , Pianist , arranger and Civil Rights Activist . Although she disliked being categorized, Simone is generally classified as a Jazz Musician . She preferred the term "Black Classical Music" herself. Simone originally aspired to become a classical pianist, but her work covers an eclectic variety of musical styles besides her Classical basis, such as jazz, Soul , Folk , R&B , Cabaret , Gospel , and Pop Music . Her vocal style (with a rich Alto vocal range1) is characterized by intense passion, breathiness, and Tremolo . Sometimes known as the '''High Priestess of Soul''', she paid great attention to the musical expression of emotions. Within one album or concert she could fluctuate between exuberant happiness or tragic Melancholy . These fluctuations also characterized her own personality and personal life, worsened by a Bipolar Disorder with which she was diagnosed in the mid-sixties, but was kept secret until 2004.2 Simone recorded over 40 live and studio albums, the biggest body of her work being released between 1958 (when she made her Debut with '' Little Girl Blue '') and 1974. Songs she is best known for include " My Baby Just Cares For Me ", " I Put A Spell On You ", " I Loves You Porgy ", " Feeling Good ", " Sinnerman ", " To Be Young, Gifted And Black ", " Strange Fruit ", and " Ain't Got No-I Got Life ". Her music and message made a strong and lasting impact on African-American culture3, illustrated by the numerous contemporary artists citing her as an important influence (among them Alicia Keys , Jeff Buckley and Lauryn Hill ), as well as the extensive use of her music on Soundtrack s and in Remix es. BIOGRAPHY Youth (1933–1954) Simone was born Eunice Kathleen Waymon in Tryon , North Carolina , one of eight children. She began playing piano at her local Church and showed prodigious talent on this instrument. Her concert debut, a classical piano recital, was made at the age of ten. During her performance, her parents, who had taken seats in the front row, were forced to move to the back of the hall to make way for white people. Simone refused to play until her parents were moved back.45 This incident contributed to her later involvement in the Civil Rights movement. '' (1958), also known as ''Jazz as Played in an Exclusive Side Street Club'']] Simone's mother, Mary Kate Waymon (who lived into her late 90s) was a strict Methodist minister; her father, John Divine Waymon, was a handyman and sometime barber who suffered bouts of ill-health. Mrs. Waymon worked as a maid and her employer, hearing of Nina's talent, provided funds for piano lessons.6 Subsequently, a local fund was set up to assist in Eunice's continued education. At seventeen, Simone moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , where she taught Piano and accompanied singers to fund her own studying as a Classical Music pianist at New York City 's Juilliard School Of Music . With the help of a private tutor she studied for an interview to further study piano at the Curtis Institute , but she was rejected. Simone believed that this rejection was directly related to her being black, as well as being a woman.7 It further fueled her hatred of the widespread and institutionalized Racism present in the U.S. during the period. Early success (1954–1959) Simone played at the Midtown Bar & Grill on Pacific Avenue in Atlantic City to fund her study. The owner said that she would have to sing as well as play the piano in order to get the job. She took on the stagename "Nina Simone" in 1954 because she did not want her mother to know that she was playing "the devil's music". "Nina" (meaning "little girl" in Spanish ) was a nickname a boyfriend had given to her and "Simone" was after the French actress Simone Signoret , whom she had seen in the movie '' Casque D'or ''.8 Simone played and sang a mixture of jazz, blues and classical music at the bar, and by doing so she created a small but loyal fan base.9 After playing in small clubs she recorded a rendition of George Gershwin 's "I Loves You Porgy" (from '' Porgy And Bess '') in 1958, which was learned from a Billie Holiday album and performed as a favor to a friend. It became her only Billboard top 40 hit in the United States , and her debut album '' Little Girl Blue '' soon followed on Bethlehem Records . Simone would never benefit financially from the album, because she sold the rights for 3000 dollars. It meant that she missed out on more than 1 million dollars of royalties (mainly because of the successful re-release of " My Baby Just Cares For Me " in the 1980s).10 Becoming "popular" (1959-1964) After the success of ''Little Girl Blue'', Simone signed a contract with the bigger label Colpix Records , followed by a string of studio and live albums. Colpix relinquished all creative control, including the choice of material that would be recorded, to Nina in exchange for her signing with them. Simone, who at this point only performed pop music to make money to continue her classical music studies, was bold with her demand for control over her music because she was indifferent about having a recording contract. She would keep this attitude towards the record industry for most of her career.11 Civil rights era (1964–1974) '' (1967) is characteristic of her stage appearance in the mid-sixties]] Simone was made aware of the severity of racial prejudice in America by her friends Langston Hughes , James Baldwin and Lorraine Hansberry (author of the play '' Raisin In The Sun ''). In 1964, she changed Record Label s, from the American Colpix to the Dutch Philips , which also meant a change in the contents of her recordings. Simone had always included songs in her repertoire that hinted to her African-American origins (such as "Brown Baby" and "Zungo" on '' Nina At The Village Gate '' in 1962). But on her debut album for Philips, '' Nina Simone In Concert '' (live recording, 1964), Simone for the first time openly addresses the racial inequality that was prevalent in the United States with the song " Mississippi Goddam ". It was her response to the murder of Medgar Evers and the Bombing Of A Church in Birmingham, Alabama , killing four black children. The song was released as a single, being boycotted in certain southern states.12 With "Old Jim Crow" on the same album she reacts to the Jim Crow Laws . From then onwards, the Civil Rights message was standard in Simone's recording repertoire, where it had already become a part of her live performances. Simone performed and spoke at many Civil Rights meetings, such as at the Selma To Montgomery Marches .13 She covered Billie Holiday 's " Strange Fruit " (on '' Pastel Blues '' (1965)), a song about the lynching of black men in the South, and sang the W.Cuney poem "Images" on '' Let It All Out '' (1966), about the absence of pride in the African-American woman. Simone wrote the song "Four Women" and sings it on '' Wild Is The Wind '' (1966). It is about four different stereotypes of African-American women. Simone again moved from Philips to RCA Victor in 1967. She sang "Backlash Blues", written by her friend Langston Hughes on her first RCA album, '' Nina Simone Sings The Blues '' (1967). On '' Silk & Soul '' (1967) she recorded Billy Taylor 's "I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free" and "Turning Point". The last song illustrates how white children would get indoctrinated with racism at an early age. The album '' Nuff Said '' (1968) contains live recordings from the Westbury Music Fair, April 7th 1968 , three days after the murder of Dr. Martin Luther King . She dedicated the whole performance to him and sang "Why? (The King Of Love Is Dead)", a song written by her Bass Player directly after the news of Dr. King's death had reached them.14 Together with Weldon Irvine , Simone turned the late Lorraine Hansberry s unfinished play " To Be Young, Gifted And Black " into a civil rights song. She performed it live on '' Black Gold '' (1970). A studio recording was released as a single, and the song became the official "National Anthem of Black America" and has been Covered by Aretha Franklin (on 1972s '' Young, Gifted And Black '') and Donny Hathaway . Later life (1974–2003) '' (1993)]] Simone left the United States in September 1970. The continuous performances and decline of the Civil Rights movement had exhausted her. She flew to Barbados , expecting her husband and manager, Andrew Stroud, to contact her when she had to perform again. However, Stroud interpreted Simone's sudden disappearance (and the fact that she left behind her wedding ring) as a cue for a divorce. As her manager, Stroud was also in charge of Simone's income. This meant that after their separation Simone had no knowledge about how her business was run, and what she was actually worth. Upon returning to the United States she also learned that there were serious problems with the tax authorities, causing her to go back to Barbados again.15 Simone stayed in Barbados for quite some time, and had a lengthy affair with the Prime Minister, Errol Barrow .1617 A close friend, singer Miriam Makeba , convinced her to come to Liberia . After that she lived in Switzerland and the Netherlands , before settling in France in 1992. Simone's divorce from her husband and manager can be seen as the end of her most successful years in the American music business, and the beginning of her (partially self-imposed) exile and estrangement from the world for the next two decades. After her last album for RCA Records , '' It Is Finished '' (1974), it was not until 1978 that Simone was convinced by CTI Records owner Creed Taylor to record another album, '' Baltimore ''. While not a commercial success, the album did get good reviews and marked a quiet artistic renaissance in Simone's recording output. Her voice had not lost its power over the years, but developed an additional warmth and a vivacious maturity.18 Her choice of material retained its Eclecticism , ranging from spiritual songs to Hall & Oates' "Rich Girl". Four years later Simone recorded '' Fodder On My Wings '' on a French label. It is one of her most personal albums, with nearly all of the ( Autobiographical ) songs written by herself. In the 1980s Simone performed regularly at Ronnie Scott 's jazz club in London, where the album '' Live At Ronnie Scott's '' was recorded in 1984. Though her on-stage style could be somewhat haughty and aloof, in later years, Simone particularly seemed to enjoy engaging her audiences by recounting sometimes humorous anecdotes related to her career and music and soliciting requests. Her Autobiography , '' I Put A Spell On You '', was published in 1992 and she recorded her last album, '' A Single Woman '' in 1993. In 1993 Simone settled near Aix-en-Provence in Southern France . She had been ill with Breast Cancer for several years before she died in her sleep at her home in Carry-le-Rouet , Bouches-du-Rhône on April 21 2003 , aged 70. Her funeral service was attended by singers Miriam Makeba and Patti Labelle , poet Sonia Sanchez , actor Ossie Davis and hundreds of others. Elton John sent a floral tribute with the message "We were the greatest and I love you".19 Simone's ashes were scattered in several Africa n countries. She left behind a daughter Lisa Celeste, now an actress/singer who took on the stagename Simone and has appeared on Broadway in '' Aida ''.20 SIMONE STANDARDS Throughout her career, Simone gathered a collection of songs that would become standards in her repertoire (apart from the civil rights songs) and for which she is still remembered, even though most of these songs didn't do well on the charts at the time. These songs were self-written tunes, cover versions (usually with a new arrangement by Simone), or songs written especially for Simone. Her first hit song in America was a cover of George Gershwin 's " I Loves You Porgy " (1958). It peaked at number 18 in the pop singles chart and number 2 on the black singles chart.21 In that same period Simone recorded " My Baby Just Cares For Me ", which would become her biggest hit years later in 1987, when it featured in a Chanel no. 5 perfume commercial. A Music Video was then created by Aardman Studios .22 Well known songs from her Philips albums include "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" on '' Broadway-Blues-Ballads '' (1964), "I Put a Spell on You", "Ne Me Quitte Pas" and "Feeling Good" on ''I Put A Spell On You'' (1965), "Lilac Wine" and "Wild Is the Wind" on '' Wild Is The Wind '' (1966).23 Especially the songs " Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood ", " Feeling Good " and " Sinnerman " ('' Pastel Blues '', 1965) have great popularity today in terms of cover versions (most notably The Animals 's version of the former song), sample usage and its use on various movie-, TV-series- and videogame soundtracks. Simone's years at RCA-Victor spawned a number of singles and album songs that were popular, particularly in Europe. In 1968 it was " Ain't Got No, I Got Life ", a medley from the musical '' Hair '' from the album '' Nuff Said '' (1968) that became a surprise hit for Simone, reaching number 2 on the UK pop charts and introducing her to a younger audience.24 In 2006, it returned to the UK Top 30 in a remixed version by Groovefinder. The following single, The Bee Gees' "To Love Somebody" also reached the UK top 10 in 1969. "House of the Rising Sun" featured on '' Nina Simone Sings The Blues '' in 1967, but Simone had recorded the song earlier in 1961 (featuring on '' Nina At The Village Gate '', 1962), predating versions by Dave Van Ronk and Bob Dylan .2526 It was later picked up by The Animals and became their signature hit. PERSONALITY, STYLE AND VIEWPOINTS Performing style Simone's regal bearing and commanding stage presence earned her the title "High Priestess of Soul". Her live performances were regarded not as mere concerts, but as Happening s. In a single concert she could be a singer, pianist, dancer, actress, activist, as well as both therapist and patient all simultaneously.27 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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