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State of New Hampshire
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The Granite State
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Live Free Or Die
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(/) is a
State in the
New England region of the
Northeastern United States Of America named after the southern
English County of
Hampshire . The state ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in
Population . It was one of the original
Thirteen Colonies and became the ninth state to ratify the
United States Constitution . New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state
Constitution , and is the only state with neither a general
Sales Tax nor a personal
Income Tax .NH has a room and meals sales tax and a business profits income tax. Alaska does not have a statewide sales or income tax, but many Alaska towns have a sales tax. No New Hampshire towns have a sales tax.
It is internationally famous for the
New Hampshire Primary , the first
Primary in the quadrennial U.S. presidential election cycle.
Its license plates carry the ." The
State Nickname is "The
Granite State", in reference both to its geology and to its tradition of self-sufficiency. Several other official nicknames exist but are rarely used.
New Hampshire Division of Travel & Tourism Development - State Facts
A number of famous individuals come from New Hampshire, such as Senator
Daniel Webster , editor
Horace Greeley , founder of the
Christian Science religion
Mary Baker Eddy , author
Dan Brown , and comedians
Adam Sandler ,
Sarah Silverman , and
Seth Meyers . New Hampshire has produced one president,
Franklin Pierce .
New Hampshire's recreational attractions include skiing and other winter sports, observing the spectacular fall foliage, summer cottages along many lakes, motor sports at the
New Hampshire International Speedway , home of
NASCAR events and the
Loudon Classic , and
Bike Week , a popular motorcycle rally associated with the Loudon Classic, held in
Laconia in June.
''See
List Of Counties In New Hampshire ,
List Of Mountains In New Hampshire ,
List Of Lakes In New Hampshire ,
List Of New Hampshire Rivers ''
New Hampshire is part of the
New England region. It is bounded by
Quebec ,
Canada to the north and northwest;
Maine and the
Atlantic Ocean to the east;
Massachusetts to the south; and
Vermont to the west. New Hampshire's major regions are the
Great North Woods , the
White Mountains , the
Lakes Region , the
Seacoast , the
Merrimack Valley , the
Monadnock Region , and the
Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any coastal U.S. state, with a length of 18 miles (29 km).
in Concord was designed by Albe Cady. It is the oldest U.S. state capitol where legislators still meet in their original chambers.]]
New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the
Old Man Of The Mountain , a face-like profile in
Franconia Notch , until the formation fell apart in May 2003.
The
White Mountains Range in New Hampshire spans the north-central portion of the state, with
Mount Washington being the tallest in the northeastern U.S., and other mountains like
Mount Madison and
Mount Adams surrounding it. With hurricane-force winds every third day on the average, over 100 recorded deaths among visitors, and conspicuous
Krummholz (dwarf, matted trees much like a carpet of
Bonsai trees), the upper reaches of Mount Washington claim the title of having the "worst weather on earth." A non-profit weather observatory is located on the peak.
In the flatter southwest corner of New Hampshire, the prominent landmark
Mount Monadnock , has given its name to a general class of earth-forms—a ''
Monadnock '' signifying, in geomorphology, any isolated resistant peak rising from a less resistant eroded plain.
Major rivers include the 110 mile (177 km)
Merrimack River , which bisects the lower half of the state north-south and ends up in
Newburyport, Massachusetts . Its major tributaries include the
Contoocook River ,
Pemigewasset River , and
Winnipesaukee River . The 410 mile (670 km)
Connecticut River , which starts at New Hampshire's
Connecticut Lakes and flows south to
Connecticut , defines the western border with Vermont. Oddly, the state border is not in the center of that river, as is usually the case, but lies at the low-water mark on the
Vermont side; so New Hampshire actually owns the entire river where it runs adjacent to Vermont. The "northwesternmost headwaters" of the Connecticut also define the Canadian border with New Hampshire.
The
Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the state's only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at
Portsmouth . The
Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine. The state has an ongoing boundary dispute with
Maine in the area of
Portsmouth Harbor , with New Hampshire claiming dominion over several islands (now known as
Seavey Island ) that include the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard as well as to the Maine towns of
Kittery and
Berwick .
The largest lake is
Lake Winnipesaukee , which covers 72 square miles (186 km&
2) in the east-central part of New Hampshire.
Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. About 10 miles (16 km) offshore are the
Isles Of Shoals , nine small islands (4 belonging to the state) best known as the site of a 19th century art colony founded by poet
Celia Thaxter , as well as the alleged location of one of the buried treasures of the pirate
Blackbeard .
It is the second-most-forested state in the country, after
Maine , in terms of percentage of land covered by woods. This change was caused by the abandonment of farms during the 20th century as many farmers took wage jobs in urban areas or moved to more productive areas. The return of woodlands from open fields forms the subject of many poems by
Robert Frost .
The northern third of the state is locally referred to as the "north country" or "north of the notches," in reference to White Mountain
Passes that channel traffic. It contains less than 5% of the state's population, suffers from relatively high poverty rates, and is losing population as the logging and paper industries decline. However, the tourist industry, in particular visitors who go to northern New Hampshire to take advantage of the winter
Skiing season, has helped to offset economic losses from mill closures.
New Hampshire experiences a
Humid Continental Climate (
Koppen Climate Classification ''Dfa'' in southern areas and ''Dfb'' in the north), with warm, humid summers, cold, wet winters, and uniform precipitation all year. The climate of the southeastern portion of the state is moderated somewhat by the
Atlantic Ocean and averages relatively milder and wetter weather, while the northern and interior portions experience relatively cooler temperatures and lower humidity. Winters are cold and snowy throughout the state, and are especially severe in the northern and mountainous areas. Average annual snowfall ranges from 60" to over 100" across the state.
2
Average daytime highs are generally in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (around 24-28 °C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13-15 °C). January temperatures range from an average high of 34 °F (1 °C) on the coast to overnight lows below 0 °F (-18 °C) in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly 40" with some variation occurring in the
White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall.
Extreme snow events are often associated with a
Nor'easter , such as such as the
Blizzard Of '78 and the
Blizzard Of 1993 , when several feet of snow accumulated across portions of the state over a period of 24 to 48 hours. Lighter snowfall accumulations of several inches occur frequently throughout the winter months, often associated with an
Alberta Clipper .
New Hampshire, on occasion, is affected by
Hurricanes and
Tropical Storms although by the time they reach the state they are often
Extratropical , with most storms striking the southern
New England coastline and moving inland or passing by offshore in the
Gulf Of Maine . Most of New Hampshire averages fewer than 20 days of thunderstorms per year and an average of about 2 tornadoes occur annually statewide.
3
The
National Arbor Day Foundation plant
Hardiness Zone map depicts zones 3, 4, 5, and 6 occurring throughout the state
4 and indicates the transition from a relatively cooler to warmer climate as one travels southward across New Hampshire.
Metropolitan areas in the New England region are defined by the
U.S. Census Bureau as
New England City And Town Area s (NECTAs). The following is a list of NECTAs in New Hampshire:
- Berlin, NH
- Claremont, NH
- Concord, NH
- Franklin, NH
- Keene, NH
- Laconia, NH
- Lebanon, NH - Hartland, VT
- Manchester, NH
- Nashua, NH Metropolitan Division (part of Boston metropolitan area)
- Portsmouth, NH -ME
- Rochester-Dover, NH-ME
''From
The New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau ''
See Also: History of New Hampshire
Various
Algonquian tribes inhabited the area prior to European settlement. Europeans explored New Hampshire in 1600–1605 and settled in 1623. By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day
Dover ,
Durham and
Stratham ; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province."
It was one of the
Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the
American Revolution . By the time of the American Revolution, New Hampshire was a divided province. The economic and social life of the Seacoast revolved around sawmills, shipyards, merchant's warehouses, and established village and town centers. Wealthy merchants built substantial homes, furnished them with the finest luxuries, and invested their capital in trade and land speculation. At the other end of the social scale, there developed a permanent class of day laborers, mariners, indentured servants, and even slaves. It was the first state to declare its independence, but the only battle fought there was the raid on
Fort William And Mary ,
December 14 ,
1774 in
Portsmouth Harbor, which netted the rebellion sizable quantities of gunpowder, small arms, and cannon (
General Sullivan , leader of the raid, described it as, "remainder of the powder, the small arms, bayonets, and cartouch-boxes, together with the cannon and ordnance stores") over the course of two nights. This raid was preceded by a warning to local patriots the previous day, by
Paul Revere on
December 13 ,
1774 that the fort was to be reinforced by troops sailing from Boston. According to unverified accounts, the gunpowder was later used at the Battle of Bunker Hill, transported there by Major Demerit, who was one of several New Hampshire patriots who stored the powder in their homes until it was transported elsewhere for use in revolutionary activities.
New Hampshire was a Jacksonian stronghold; the state sent
Franklin Pierce to the White House in the election of 1852. Industrialization took the form of numerous textile mills, which in turn attracted large flows of immigrants from Quebec (the "French Canadians") and Ireland. The northern parts of the state produced lumber and the mountains provided tourist attractions. After 1960, the textile industry collapsed, but the economy rebounded as a center of high technology and a service provider.
Since 1952, New Hampshire gained national and international attention for its
Presidential Primary held early in every presidential election year. It immediately became the most important testing grounds for candidates for the Republican and Democratic nominations. The media give New Hampshire (and Iowa) about half of all the attention paid to all states in the primary process, magnifying the state's decision power (and spurring repeated efforts by out-of-state politicians to change the rules.)
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As of 2005, New Hampshire has an estimated population of 1,309,940, which is an increase of 10,771, or 0.8%, from the prior year and an increase of 74,154, or 6.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 23,872 people (that is 75,060 births minus 51,188 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 51,968 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 11,107 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 40,861 people.
The
Center Of Population of New Hampshire is located in
Merrimack County , in the town of
Pembroke {Link without Title} .
As of 2004, the population includes 64,000 foreign-born (4.9%).
The largest ancestry groups in New Hampshire are:
{Link without Title}
People of old colonial ("Yankee") ancestry live throughout most of New Hampshire.
The large
Irish American ,
French-Canadian and
Italian-American populations are descended largely from mill workers, and many still live in the former mill towns, like Manchester. New Hampshire has the highest percentage of residents of French/French-Canadian ancestry of any U.S. state. The fastest growth is along the southern border, which is within commuting range of Boston and other Massachusetts cities.
According to the
2000 U.S. Census , 3.41% of the population aged 5 and over speak
French at home, while 1.60% speak
Spanish {Link without Title} .
The religious affiliations of the people of New Hampshire are (due to rounding the total percent is greater than 100):
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Hampshire's total state product in 2003 was $49 billion. Per capita personal income in 2005 was $37,835, 6
th in the nation and 110 percent of the national average ($34,495). Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, nursery stock, cattle, apples, and eggs. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric equipment, rubber and plastic products, and tourism.
New Hampshire experienced a significant shift in its economic base during the last century. Historically, the base was comprised of the traditional New England manufactures of textiles, shoe-making, and small machining shops drawing upon low-wage labor from nearby small farms and from parts of Quebec. Today, these sectors contribute only 2% for textiles, 2% for leather goods, and 9% for machining of the state's total manufacturing dollar value (Source: U.S. Economic Census for 1997, Manufacturing, New Hampshire). They experienced a sharp decline due to obsolete plants and the lure of cheaper wages in the
South .
The state has no general
Sales Tax , no personal
Income Tax (the state does tax, at a 5 percent rate, income from dividends and interest) and the legislature has exercised fiscal restraint, thereby attracting commuters, light industry, specialty horticulture, retail customers and service firms from other jurisdictions with higher tax policies, notably from neighboring
Massachusetts ,
Vermont and
Maine (and to a lesser extent,
New York ). Efforts to diversify the state's general economy have been ongoing.
Additionally, New Hampshire's lack of a broad-based tax system (aside from the controversial state-wide property tax) has resulted in the state's local communities having some of the nation's highest property taxes. Overall, New Hampshire remains ranked 49th among states in combined average state and local tax burden.
The Tax Foundation - New Hampshire's State and Local Tax Burden, 1970–2006 Nevertheless, ongoing efforts from unhappy homeowners for property tax relief continues. They have argued that residents of Massachusetts and other neighboring states are shopping in New Hampshire tax-free, and New Hampshire homeowners are paying them for the privilege. ''See
Tax-free Shopping ''.
: '' See also
State Income Tax ''.
]]
See Also: Government of New Hampshire
The Governor of New Hampshire is
John Lynch (Democrat). New Hampshire's two U.S. senators are
Judd Gregg (Republican) and
John E. Sununu (Republican). New Hampshire's two U.S. representatives are
Carol Shea-Porter (Democrat) and
Paul Hodes (Democrat).
New Hampshire has a bifurcated executive branch, consisting of the Governor and a five-member
Executive Council which votes on state contracts over $5,000 and "advises and consents" to the governor's nominations to major state positions such as department heads and all judgeships and
Pardon requests. New Hampshire does not have a
Lieutenant Governor ; the Senate President serves as "Acting Governor" whenever the Governor is unable to perform the duties.
The .
The state's sole appellate court is the
New Hampshire Supreme Court . The
Superior Court is the court of general jurisdiction and the only court which provides for jury trials in
Civil or
Criminal cases. The other state courts are the
Probate Court ,
District Court , and the
Family Division .
The
New Hampshire State Constitution is the supreme law of the state, followed by the
New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated . The State Constitution is the nation's only state constitution which acknowledges the
Right Of Revolution , and one of the few that does not expressly mandate the provision of a public school system.
New Hampshire is also the only state with no mandatory seatbelt law for adults, and also has no motorcycle helmet law for adults nor mandatory vehicle insurance for automobiles. Although the state retains the
Death Penalty for limited crimes, the last execution was conducted in 1939. New Hampshire is the only state that does not mandate public
Kindergarten , partly out of frugality and lack of funding, and partly out of belief in ''local control'', a philosophy under which towns and cities, not the state, make as many decisions as possible. As of 2005, all but two dozen communities in the state provided public kindergarten.
New Hampshire is a
"Dillon Rule" state, meaning that powers not specifically granted to municipalities are retained by the state government. Even so, there is within the state's legislature a strong sentiment favoring local control, particularly with regard to land use regulations. Traditionally, local government in New Hampshire is conducted by
Town Meetings , but in 1995, municipalities were given the option of using an official ballot to decide local electoral and budgetary questions, as opposed to the more open and public town meeting.
New Hampshire is an
Alcoholic Beverage Control State , and through the
State Liquor Commission it takes in $100 million from the sale and distribution of liquor.
State of New Hampshire Department of Administrative Services - Monthly Revenue Focus (FY 2005) The state also leads the country in per capita sales of all forms of alcohol.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism - SURVEILLANCE REPORT #73: APPARENT PER CAPITA ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: NATIONAL, STATE, AND REGIONAL TRENDS, 1977–2003
On
May 31 ,
2007 , Governor Lynch signed HB 437, a
Civil Union bill, into law, which will grant all the rights associated with marriage in the state to same-sex couples effective
January 1 ,
2008 .
5
New Hampshire is internationally famous for the
New Hampshire Primary , the first
Primary in the quadrennial American presidential election cycle. The primary draws more attention by far than all other primaries, and has often been decisive in shaping the national contest. Critics from other states have tried repeatedly but failed to reduce the state's primary clout. In
Dixville Notch in Coos County and
Hart's Location in Carroll County, the few dozen residents of these small towns vote at midnight the Tuesday the primary is being held. State law grants that a town where all registered citizens have voted may close early and announce their results. These are traditionally the first towns in both New Hampshire and the U.S. to vote in presidential primaries and elections.
New Hampshire has historically been dominated by the Republican Party (indeed some sources trace the founding of the Republican party to the town of
Exeter in 1853) and is considered to be the most conservative state in the Northeast. The state supported
Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, but prior to that had only strayed from the
Republican Party for three candidates—
Woodrow Wilson ,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Lyndon B. Johnson .
In recent years, however, in both national and local elections it has become a
Swing State . It was the only U.S. state to give its electoral votes to
George W. Bush in the
2000 Election but then go
Democratic in the
2004 Election . New Hampshire gave its four electoral votes to
John Kerry in 2004 with 50.2% of the vote. The change from GOP domination was solidified by the 2006 midterm elections, in which both Congressional seats were won by Democrats (
Charlie Bass was defeated by
Paul Hodes , and
Jeb Bradley was defeated by
class="copylinks">Carol Shea-Porter); Democratic Governor [[John Lynch was re-elected in an historic landslide with 74% of the vote; Democrats gained a majority on the Executive Council; and Democrats took both houses of the State Legislature for the first time since 1911. Democrats now hold both the legislature and the governorship for the first time since 1874. [http://www.bizjournals.com/masshightech/stories/2006/12/25/focus2.html Republicans hold both U.S. Senate seats, which were not up for a vote in 2006. Prior to the 2006 elections, New Hampshire was the only New England state in which Republicans held majorities in both legislative chambers.
"State Vote 2006: Partisan Composition of State Legislatures: New Hampshire" National Conference of State Legislatures, retrieved November 17, 2006. The New Hampshire General Assembly is the largest among state legislatures in the U.S., with 400 members, and has the most representatives per capita (approximately one for every 3,200 citizens).
New Hampshire has been known for a
Libertarian -like political tradition that values individual freedom and limited exercise of
State governmental powers. The
Free State Project selected New Hampshire as its destination due to its "Live Free or Die" libertarian-esque heritage.
"Free State Project: State Vote Results"
New Hampshire has more than 150 public high schools, many of which serve more than one town. The largest is ,
2007 .
There are also at least 20 private high schools in the state.
See Also: List of high schools in New Hampshire
See Also: List of newspapers in New Hampshire
See Also: List of radio stations in New Hampshire
See Also: List of television stations in New Hampshire
- New Hampshire is the home state of Fictional United States President Josiah Bartlet on the television drama series '' The West Wing ''.
- Peterborough is the inspiration for the town of Grover's Corners , in Thornton Wilder 's play '' Our Town .''
- The novel '' Peyton Place '' was inspired by Gilmanton, New Hampshire .
- Bob Montana, the original artist for Archie , attended Manchester Central High School for a year, and may have based Riverdale High School in part on Central.
- Dartmouth College is said to be the inspiration for the film '' Animal House '', as one of the scriptwriters, Chris Miller , studied there.
- Al Capp, creator of the comic strip Li'l Abner , used to joke that Dogpatch , the setting for the strip, was based on Seabrook , where he would vacation with his wife. Susan Morse, "Last of the Yankees", ''Portsmouth Herald'', July 4, 2004.
- John Knowles based the Devon School in '' A Separate Peace '' on the Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter . The prep school in John Irving 's '' The World According To Garp '' was also based on the Phillips Exeter Academy. Irving's stepfather was a faculty member at the school, and Irving himself is an alumnus.
- Joyce Maynard grew up in Durham, New Hampshire and based several novels on life in the Granite State, most notably '' To Die For '', which is loosely based on the Pamela Smart murder case.
- Portions of the Robin Williams movie '' Jumanji '' were filmed in Keene, New Hampshire , most notably the animal stampede scene.
- Most of the independent film ''Live Free or Die'' was filmed in Claremont, New Hampshire .
- Gravesend Academy, from the book '' A Prayer For Owen Meany '', was based on the Phillips Exeter Academy . The book's author John Irving attended the school, as well as the University Of New Hampshire .
- The setting for another book by John Irving, '' The Hotel New Hampshire '', was inspired by his residence in the state.
- New Hampshire is often the setting in Jodi Picoult novels.
See Also: List of people from New Hampshire
''See
List Of New Hampshire-related Topics ''
- The Appalachian National Scenic Trail passes through New Hampshire. Mount Washington holds the record for the highest recorded surface wind gust (231 mph).
- The Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site is located in Cornish .
- New Hampshire is home to the largest music festival in New England ( SoulFest ), held at Gunstock Mountain Resort the first week in August.
- The reconstructed Fort At Number 4 from the 1740s and 1750s is in Charlestown .
- New Hampshire is host to the with the proper authorities in Scotland , used to make kilts worn by the State Police while they serve during the games.
- New Hampshire has the only piece of Interstate Highway that is two-lane (a single northbound lane and a single southbound lane). This was done to preserve Franconia Notch, the site of the Old Man Of The Mountain , a former rock formation visible from Interstate 93 in Franconia .
- Its license plates boast the famous ."
- New Hampshire is the only state in the country to not require Seatbelt s for adults, and was previously the only to not require motorcycle helmets.
- New Hampshire was the last of the New England states to observe Fast Day , a day of prayer for a bountiful harvest. It was a legal holiday until 1991, when it was replaced by Civil Rights Day, which was later renamed " Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Day", becoming the second to last state to have a "Martin Luther King" day. {Link without Title}
- In 2003, it gained international attention for having the first openly Gay bishop of a large mainline Christian church, Gene Robinson , within the Anglican Communion (the Episcopal Church In The United States Of America ).
- USS ''New Hampshire'' was named in honor of this state.
- Killington, Vermont has twice voted to secede from Vermont and join New Hampshire—a largely symbolic act, since secession would require the agreement of both states' legislatures and the U.S. Congress . Supporters of secession note that almost all Vermont towns were first chartered by New Hampshire and point out that the two states already have some unusual cross-border links, including two of the rare interstate school districts in the United States (a third is shared by Oregon and Nevada ).
- Keene held the world record for the most Jack-o’-lanterns in One Place (28,952) until 2006, when it was beaten by Boston (30,128).
- On January 5 , 1776 at Exeter, the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire ratified the first independent State Constitution , free of British rule.
- On June 12, 1800, Fernald's Island in the Piscataqua River became the first government-sanctioned US Navy shipyard.
- Started in 1822, Dublin's Juvenile Library was the first free public library.
- In 1828, the first women's strike in the nation took place at Dover's Cocheco Mills.
- In 1845, the machine shop of Nashuan John H. Gage was considered the first shop devoted to the manufacture of machinists' tools.
- On August 29 , 1866 , Sylvester Marsh demonstrated the first mountain-climbing "cog" railway.
- Finished on June 27 , 1874 , the first trans-Atlantic telecommunications cable between Europe and America stretched from Balinskelligs Bay, Ireland, to Rye Beach, New Hampshire.
- On February 6 , 1901 , a group of nine conservationists founded the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests , the first forest conservation advocacy group in the US.
- In 1908, Monsignor Pierre Hevey organized the nation's first Credit Union , in Manchester, to help mill workers save and borrow money.
- In 1937 The Belknap Recreation Area installed the first chairlift for skiing in the East.
- In July 1944, the Bretton Woods Agreement , the first fully-negotiated system intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states, was signed at the Mount Washington Hotel .
- On May 5 , 1961 , Alan Shepard of Derry rode a Mercury spacecraft and became the first American in space.
- In 1963, New Hampshire's legislature approved the nation's first modern state Lottery , which began play in 1964.
- In 1966, Ralph Baer of Sanders Associates, Inc., Nashua, recruited engineers to develop the first home video game.
- Christa McAuliffe of Concord became the first private citizen selected to venture into space. She perished with her six space shuttle Challenger crewmates in January 28 , 1986 .
- On May 17 , 1996 New Hampshire became the first state in the country to install a green LED Traffic Light . NH was selected because they were the first to start installing the red and yellow ones statewide.Sending a bright signal, Concord Monitor pg B-6, May 18, 1996
- On May 31 , 2007 New Hampshire became "...the first state to embrace same-sex unions without a court order or the threat of one."Wang, Beverley. (26 April 2007) State Senate approves civil unions for same-sex couples ''Concord Monitor''. Accessed 26 April 2007.
- Michael Sletcher. ''New England''. Westport, CT, 2004.
