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Three of the Big Four music recording companies have their headquarters in the city. One-third of all Independent Films in the United States are produced in New York and more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city. The book publishing industry alone employs 13,000 people. With nearly seven percent of the nation's television-viewing households, it is the nation's single largest media market. For these reasons, New York is often called "the media capital of the world."The State of New York. See The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation ''Request for Expressions of Interest'' 2005. {Link without Title} NEWSPAPERS The ongoing decline of newspaper reading in the United States has left even most big American cities with a single daily. New York City is an exception; it is home to 4 of the 10 largest papers in the United States. These include '' The New York Times '' (circulation 1.1 million), '' The New York Daily News '' (circulation 795,000), and '' The New York Post '' (circulation 650,000), founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton . '' The Wall Street Journal '' (circulation 2.1 million), published in New York City, is a national-scope business newspaper and the first or second most-read newspaper in the nation, depending on measurement method. gives the city a large newspaper readership base.]] '''' and '' The Staten Island Advance ''. Free dailies mainly distributed to commuters include ''amNewYork'', ''Hoy'' and ''Metro''. The city's ethnic press is large and diverse. Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper ''The Tablet'' and Jewish-American newspaper '' The Forward '' (פֿאָרװערטס; ''Forverts''), published in Yiddish , English and Russian , and the African-American newspaper '' The New York Amsterdam News ''. '' The Epoch Times '', an international newspaper published by the Falon Gong, has English and Chinese editions in New York. There are seven dailies published in Chinese and four in Spanish . Multiple daily papers are published in Greek , Polish , and Korean , and weekly newspapers serve dozens of different ethnic communities, with ten separate newspapers focusing on the African-American community alone."New York City's Ethnic Press." ''Gotham Gazette.'' Many nationally-distributed ethnic newspapers are based out of offices in Astoria, Chinatown or Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City.Independent Press Association of New York.[http://www.indypressny.org Ethnic variation is not the only measure of the diversity of New York City's newspapers, with editorial opinions running from left-leaning at alternative papers like the '' Village Voice ,'' libertarian at the '' New York Press ,'' and conservative at the daily '' New York Sun ''. '' The Onion '' is a satirical weekly newspaper available nationwide and published from offices in Lower Manhattan. '' New York Observer '' covers politics and the city's rich and powerful with unusual depth. The tradition of a Free Press owes much to John Peter Zenger , a New York publisher who was acquitted in his 1735 landmark court case, setting the precedent that truth was a legitimate defense against accusations of Libel . Major newspapers emphasizing coverage of the New York metropolitan region outside the city include '' Newsday ,'' which covers Long Island, and the '' The Star-Ledger ,'' which covers New Jersey. See Also: List of New York City newspapers and magazines MAGAZINES magazine publishes reportage, criticism, essays, cartoons, poetry, and fiction.]] The city has a long history in American magazine publishing. The 19th Century was rife with popular titles: '' Harper's Weekly '' launched in 1857 claiming to be "A Journal of Civilization" to readers; '' St. Nicholas Magazine '', a pioneering children's publication; and '' Collier's Weekly '', which counted Upton Sinclair and Ernest Hemingway as contributors. '' New York Magazine '', founded in 1968 by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker , was one of the first "lifestyle" magazines. '' The New Yorker '', founded in 1925 by Harold Ross , is a weekly magazine of arts, literature, and journalism. Today more than 350 magazines have their editorial offices based in the city. New York is home to the corporate headquarters of publishing giants:
Other national leaders are '' Rolling Stone '' published by Wenner Media and '' Newsweek '', owned by the Washington Post Company but edited in Manhattan . BOOK PUBLISHING The book publishing industry in the United States is based in New York. Publishing houses in the city range from industry giants such as Penguin Group (USA) , HarperCollins , Random House and Simon & Schuster to small niche houses like Soft Skull Press. New York has also been the setting for countless works of literature, many of them produced by the city’s large population of writers (including Paul Auster , Don Delillo , Jonathan Safran Foer , Jonathan Franzen , Jhumpa Lahiri , Jonathan Lethem , John O'Hara , Dorothy Parker , Thomas Pynchon , Susan Sontag , and many others). The New York City metro area, home to the largest number of Jews outside Israel , has also been a flourishing scene for Jewish American Literature . New York is also home to PEN American Center , the largest of the 141 centers of International PEN, the world’s oldest human rights organization and the oldest international literary organization. PEN American Center plays an important role in New York's literary community and is active in defending free speech, the promotion of literature, and the fostering of international literary fellowship. Author Salman Rushdie is its current president. Some of the most important literary journals in the United States are in New York. These include '' The Paris Review '', '' The New York Review Of Books '', '' N+1 '', and '' New York Quarterly .'' Other New York literary publications include ''Circumference'', ''Open City'', ''The Manhattan Review'', ''Fence'', and ''Telos.'' New York is also home to the US offices of '' Granta ''. RADIO New York City has a tradition as an important place in radio broadcasting. Edward R. Murrow defined American broadcast journalism with his World War II reporting from Europe relayed back to CBS in New York and onward to the rest of the nation. WNYC , New York's flagship Public Radio station, is the most-listened to commercial or non-commercial radio station in Manhattan and has the largest audience of any public radio station in the United States. It produces several news and cultural programs for national syndication. WFMU , along with KCRW in Los Angeles , is considered by music industry insiders to be one of the most influential open-format indie radio stations in the country. WBAI in Manhattan, with news and information programming, is one of the few Socialist radio stations operating in the United States. Fordham University's WFUV and Columbia University's radio station, WKCR , are also important non-commercial stations in the city. The first New York City radio station to feature a phone-in talk format was WNBC in the late 1960s, (with , the format featured such prominent talkers as Nebel, Alex Bennett and Bob Grant. Right-wing talk radio came to New York when WABC switched from an all music format to talk in 1982. Though it began with a moribund "Talkradio" format delivered via satellite from KABC Los Angeles, the station eventually became the home of nationally syndicated conservative powerhouse Rush Limbaugh , who in the Reagan years railed against liberal figures like civil-rights advocate Jesse Jackson and former New York Governor Mario Cuomo . Other high-profile conservative talk radio hosts with national profiles include Laura Ingraham and Sean Hannity at WABC. Recently liberals have responded, first with the shortlive (five years only) WEVD format with Bill Mazer 's ''Mazer in the morning'' and Sam Greenfield in the afternoon followed by Alan Colmes from 11 PM to 2AM. Then in 2004 the Air America Radio network started, based in New York City, with actor-comedians Al Franken and Janeane Garofalo as their front line stars. Sam Greenfield has since joined the New York affiliate of Air America's morning lineup. A personality who goes by one name, "Lionel", was a host on WABC and has also joined the Air America's New York local lineup. Because Air America is a national network, not shows are picked up by all stations. New York is also home to several famous " Shock Jock " morning drive shows. They include the new current flavor Opie And Anthony as well as old timer Don Imus , (famous for his controversial statements and interviews of politicos) and morning satire and Elvis Duran and the Z Morning Zoo on Z-100 . WXRK "K-Rock" 92.3 used to be the home of Howard Stern until his move from terrestrial radio to Sirius Satellite Radio . WQHT , also known as "Hot 97", is an influential high-profile commercial radio station that is arguably the nation's premier Hip-hop station. Doctor Dre and Ed Lover were morning hosts at the station in the 1990s. The highest-rated Spanish language radio show in the United States is the morning radio program ''El Vacilón de la Mañana'', broadcast on WSKQ and hosted by Luis Jimenez. New York became home to America's first 24 hour sports talk station, WFAN , in 1987. TELEVISION Roughly 100,000 New Yorkers are employed in the film and television industry, which contributes about $5 billion to the city's economy annually. New York City is the home of the three traditional major American Television Network s, ABC , CBS and NBC . They each have local broadcast owned and operated station. FOX owns and operates WNYW (5) and WWOR (9). In addition there s Board Of Education station WNYE . Plus there are the two Hispanic language stations on UHF chnanels 41 and 47 which are the New York area affiliates of Univision and NBC owned Telemundo respectively. It is also the headquarters of several large cable television channels, including MTV , Fox News , HBO and Comedy Central . Silvercup Studios was the production facility for the popular television shows '' Sex And The City '' and '' The Sopranos ''. MTV broadcasts programming from its sound stage overlooking Times Square, several blocks away from The Theater Housing '' The Late Show With David Letterman ''. '' Saturday Night Live '' is broadcast from NBC's studios at Rockefeller Center , where '' The Today Show '' is also taped. BET is headquartered on 57th Street. '' The Colbert Report '' is produced by Comedy Central on 54th Street, and '' The Daily Show ,'' also produced by Comedy Central, is taped just a few blocks over on 11th avenue and 53rd street. Over a thousand people are involved with producing the various '' Law & Order '' television series. In 2005 there were more than 100 new and returning television shows taped in New York City, according to the Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting. WNET , New York's largest public television station, is a primary national provider of PBS programming. The oldest Public Access Channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , well known for its eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming. There are eight other public access channels in New York, including Brooklyn Cable Access Television. As part of use of local rights-of-way, the cable operators in New York have granted access to PEG cable channels for Public Access , educational and government programming. They also carry the New York State legislative channel available on cable packages with sufficient bandwidth. Another notable channel in the city is NY1 , Time Warner Cable 's first local news channel, known for its beat coverage of outerborough neighborhoods. Its coverage of City Hall and state politics is closely watched by political insiders. University TV Finally, the City University Of New York 's cable channel provides on air telecourses in psychology, physics, geography, history as well as vast array of cultural programing on CUNY TV , while New York University (NYU) has its NYUTV . NYCTV See Also: NYCTV The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV , that produces several original Emmy Award-winning shows including ''Blue Print New York'' and '' Cool In Your Code '', as well as coverage of city government. Other popular programs on NYCTV include music shows; '' New York Noise '' showcases music videos of local, underground, and indie rock musicians as well as coverage of major music-related events in the city like the WFMU Record Fair, interviews of New York icons (like The Ramones and Klaus Nomi), and comedian hosts (like Eugene Mirman, Rob Huebel, and Aziz Ansari). ''The Bridge'', similarly, chronicles old school hip hop. The channel has won 14 New York Emmys and 14 National Telly awards. See Also: NYC Media Group FILM New York's film industry is much smaller than that of film '' Kal Ho Naa Ho '' was shot in New York City in 2003, and has proceeded to become the fourth-highest grossing Indian film of all time.New York City Economic Development Corporation. [http://www.newyorkbiz.com/International/IntFunFacts.html} In the earliest days of the American film industry, New York was the epicenter of filmmaking. However, the better year-round weather of Hollywood made it a better choice for shooting. The Kaufman-Astoria film studio in Queens, built during the Silent Film era, was used by the Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields . It has also been the set for '' The Cosby Show '' and '' Sesame Street ''. The recently constructed Steiner Studios is a 15 acre (61,000 m&2) modern movie studio complex in a former shipyard where ''The Producers'' and ''The Inside Man'', a Spike Lee movie, were filmed. Silvercup Studios revealed plans in February 2006 for a new $1 billion complex with eight soundstages, production and studio support space, offices for media and entertainment companies, stores, 1,000 apartments in high-rise towers, a catering hall and a cultural institution. The project is invisioned as a "veritical Hollywood" designed by Lord Richard Rogers , the architect of the Pompidou Center in Paris and the Millennium Dome in London . It is to be built at the edge of the East River in Queens and will be the largest production house on the East Coast. Steiner Studios in Brooklyn would still have the largest single soundstage, however. Kaufman Studios plans its own expansion in 2007. Miramax Films , a Big Ten film studio, is the largest motion picture distribution and production company headquartered in the city. Many smaller independent producers and distributors are also in New York. See also MUSIC See Also: Music of New York City In the 1930s New York-based RCA was the nation's largest manufacturer of Phonograph s. In the late 19th and early 20th century, most sheet music in the United States — especially the popular songs of the day, many now standards — was printed at Tin Pan Alley , so called because the constant sound of new songs being tried out on pianos in the publishing houses was said to sound like a tin pan. By the early 1960s the radio and musical stars of the Golden Age of Broadway gave way to the Brill Building 's "Brill Sound." In the 1980s, Hip Hop labels including Def Jam , Roc-A-Fella , and Bad Boy Records were founded in New York, creating what is known as East Coast Hip Hop . These labels continue to be among the largest hip-hop labels in the world. Two of the "Big Four" Music Labels , Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group , also have their world headquarters in New York. Many major music magazines are headquartered in the city as well, including '' Blender Magazine '', '' Punk Magazine '', '' Spin '' and '' Rolling Stone ''.1 PORTRAYALS OF NEW YORK CITY IN THE MEDIA and as Tom's Diner in the Suzanne Vega song of that name.]] showed a violent, if not totally realistic, vision of the New York of the 1970s.]] Because of its sheer size and cultural influence, New York City has been the subject of many different, and often contradictory, portrayals in mass media. From the sophisticated and worldly metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and chaotic urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's '' Taxi Driver '', New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life. In the early years of film New York City was characterized as urbane and sophisticated. By the city's crisis period in the 1970s, however, films like '' Midnight Cowboy '', '' The French Connection '', and '' Death Wish '' showed New York as full of chaos and violence. With the city's renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; '' Friends '', '' Seinfeld '', and '' Sex And The City '' showed life in the city to be glamorous and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of crime dramas, such as '' Law & Order '' and the '' Spider-Man '' film series, continue to use the city as their setting despite New York's status as the safest large city in the United States after plummeting crime rates over many years. An essay appearing in the Arts section of the ''New York Times'' in April 2006 quoted several filmmakers, including producer, as saying that despite the increased sanitization of modern New York, "New Yorkers' personalities are different to Chicago. There's a certain kind of vibrancy and tone that you can't get elsewhere. The labor pool is more interesting than elsewhere — the salesgirl with one line, or the cop. That's who directors are looking for." James Sanders, editor of ''Scenes From the City: Filmmaking in New York, 1966-2006'', is quoted in the article as predicting that future films in New York City will move away from the well-worn setting of upper-middle class Manhattan neighborhoods to the outer boroughs, where they will begin examining the crosscurrents emanating from ethnic neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. Both Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto IV are set in Liberty City , a remake of New York City . New York City officials were appalled when they saw how detailed and realistic that the Grand Theft Auto IV version of Liberty City is in comparison to their city. See also
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