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BORN OF THE FEMALE BODY Jungian Analysts Guy Corneau and Eugene Monick argue that the establishment and maintenance of the Male Identity is more delicate and fraught with complication than that of the establishment and maintenance of the Female Identity . Such psychologists suggest that this may be because males are born of the female body, and thus are born from a body that is a different gender from themselves. Females, on the other hand, are born from a body that is the same gender as their own. Camille Paglia has commented that she believes that women are born, but men must "become". In other words, masculinity is not something that is granted by birth but is something that must be earned in adult life. ROLE OF THE FATHER See Also: Sociology of fatherhood Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung argued that the father is very important to the male child's development of identity. In his book ''Absent Fathers, Lost Sons'' "Absent Fathers, Lost Sons" listing (ISBN 0-87773-603-0) Canadian Jungian analyst Guy Corneau writes that the presence of the father's body during the son's developmental phases is integral in the son developing a positive sense of self as a male. Corneau also argues that if the son does not develop positively towards the father's male body, then the son runs the risk of developing negatively towards ''all'' bodies. Sigmund Freud argued that in the son's mind, the father's body represents the Law , and that the role of the father's body is to break the attachment the son feels to the mother and by extension his own Anima . Freudian analysts claim that all sons feel they are in competition with their father and often feel in a battle against the father. (Sigmund Freud referred to this as Oedipus Complex .) Freudian psychologists claim that the risk the son runs is that in some cases it is more difficult to win the battle against the father than to lose the battle against the father. This is because a common result of winning the battle against the father is that the son suffers tremendous Guilt . French psychoanalyst Annette Fréjaville has presented her thesis that all men experience what she terms "primary homosexuality". She argues that primary homosexuality takes place very early in a son's life and consists of a "love story" between the son and father. This "love story" consists of idealizations by the son of the father in which the son expresses an interest in his father and a desire to become what his father represents to him, e.g., "When I grow up I'm going to be like daddy." Fréjaville theorized that such recognition of similarity is the basis of all identification, and that such idealization and identification provides the son with a firm grounding in his own masculinity. Annette Fréjaville as quoted in "Absent Fathers, Lost Sons" INFLUENCE ON ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS The Abrahamic Religions are the most influential religions in the Western World . All three religions are largely founded by males, and for these reasons some scholars and psychologists have theorized that ultimately the Abrahamic religions dramatize important themes in a man's relationship with his father. In his book Moses And Monotheism , Sigmund Freud , the founder of Psychoanalysis , presents his thesis that Judaism is the religion of the father and Christianity is the religion of the son. Gender of God See Also: God and gender Often because of translation and grammar (gender specified pronouns and conjugation), references to , consisting of three persons in one God. The three persons of the Trinity are the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The names Father and Son clearly imply masculinity, and God the Son is believed literally to have become incarnate as a human male – the man, Jesus of Nazareth. The Gospel of John implies the masculinity of the Spirit, by applying a masculine demonstrative pronoun to the grammatically neuter antecedent." LITERATURE The study of masculine psychology has brought about the publication of several books. Eugene Monick Eugene Monick PhD. is a Jungian Analyst practicing in Scranton, Pennsylvannia, and New York City. He is a graduate of the Virginia (Episcopal) Theological Seminary. He received his doctorate from the Union Graduate School, and his Diploma in Analytical Psychology from the C.G. Jung Institute in Zurich . Monick has published three books on masculine psychology. In his books Phallos: Sacred Image of the Masculine (ISBN 0-919123-26-0), '''Castration and Male Rage''' (ISBN 0-919123-51-1), and '''Potency: Masculine Aggression as a Path to the Soul''' (ISBN 1-894574-15-X), Monick correlates male sexuality and spirituality, saying that " Phallos " (the erect penis) is something of an existential God-image for men. He also presents his thesis that there is a difference between Masculinity and Patriarchy . The author also argues that there is a deep need within men to participate in a Fraternity with men and to have their maleness recognized by other men, but that our society often does not take this into account. The author claims that what usually results is that these needs become frustrated and manifest themselves in often anti-social behavior and activities, such as Hazing rituals. The author says it is puzzling that we live in what is largely considered a male-dominated society, and yet very little work has been done to understand the Archetypal basis of masculinity. He suggests that this may be due to the assumption of male superiority, founded on the belief that one should not question that which is deemed to be right and superior. Many of the ideas of this second book are founded on the ideas set forth in his first book. Since that first work designates phallos as an "existential god-image" for men, Monick writes that the suggestion of Castration , whether symbolic or literal, is highly traumatic for males. Monick suggests that much of the anger expressed by men is in some ways related to their sense of castration. In the third installment in what Monick has referred to as the "Phallos Trilogy", Monick argues that the "collapse of Patriarchy — that is, the social dominance of males as an assumed cultural given — is on our doorstep if not already in the house". Sam Keen In Sam Keen's is author of the book Fire in the Belly: On Being a Man. Susan Faludi in 1999. In this book she claims that in the 20th Century men suffered from the breakdown of patriarchal structures. Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette Robert L. Moore and Douglas Gillette collaborated on a series of five books on male psychology and Mythopoetic aspects of human development, including ''King, Warrior, Magician, Lover'', and a book exploring each of these four Archetypes . The book and its authors are considered important parts of the Men's Movement in the latter part of the 20th century. HOMOPHOBIA See Also: Gay panic defense Violence#Psychology and sociology Issues of s which are when seen in males often associated with homosexuality. Self-identified Heterosexual males are usually the perpetrators of gay bashing attacks. Violence Against Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, And The Transgendered#Statistics Bureau of Justice Statistics Retrieved June 9, 2006 Homicide trends in the U.S. Trends by gender Retrieved June 9, 2006 Sigmund Freud presented the thesis that everyone is at some level research results claimed that as many as 37% of American males had engaged in homosexual activity Kinsey, Sexual Behaviour In The Human Male p. 656 (a number not supported by all research).Johnson, A.M. et al. (1992). ''Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk.'' Nature, 360(3), Dec. 3, 1992, 410-412. PDF link Turner CF, Ku L, Rogers SM, Lindberg LD, Pleck JH, and Sonenstein FL (1998). ''Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology.'' Science Magazine, 280(5365-8), 867-73.)John O.G. Billy, Koray Tanfer, William R. Grady, and Daniel H. Klepinger, ''The Sexual Behavior of Men in the United States,'' Family Planning Perspectives, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, vol. 25, no. 2 (March/April 1993). Guttmacher Institute home page [http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/faqs/sex.htm]Dawson, D. & Hardy, A.M. (1990-1992). National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control, Advance Data, 204, 1990-1992. The French-Canadian psychologist Guy Corneau says that despite Kinsey's research results attitudes toward homosexuality have remained hostile.Guy Corneau. Absent Fathers, Lost Sons: The Search for Masculine Identity (ISBN 0-87773-603-0). Page 65. "It is depressing to realize that more than forty years after the publication of the Kinsey Report, attitudes toward homosexuality have remained so hostile, despite the fact (or could it be because of the fact) that, as Kinsey's research showed, 37 percent of the American male population has engaged in homosexual behavior to ejaculation after the age of puberty?" HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Among artists and scientists during the Renaissance , it was the prevailing belief that the study of the male form was in itself a study of God. Michelangelo's ''David'' is based upon this artistic discipline, which is known as '' Disegno ''. Under this discipline, sculpture is considered to be the finest form of art because it mimics Divine creation. Because Michelangelo adhered to the concepts of ''disegno'', he worked under the premise that the image of ''David'' was already in the block of stone he was working on—in much the same way as the human Soul is thought by some to be found within the physical body. SPORTS See Also: Sport psychology Competitive sports are heavily influenced by masculine psychology. Though females do play sports, culturally male athletes Are Often Accorded More Attention And Respect than their female counterparts. In Professional Sports , male sports leagues flourish while female sports often receive poor attendance at games and are often forced to close as a result. The Modern Olympics are based on the Ancient Olympic Games of Greece. In the ancient Greecian games, not only were women forbidden from competing in the games, they were not even allowed to attend the Olympic games. Sports terminology has been transmuted into common day slang, often with sexual connotation. For example, it is common for males to refer to " Scoring " with a woman. REFERENCES SEE ALSO
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