| Malay-based Creole Languages |
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The Malay Language , through its history, also experiences pidginization and creolization processes. It occurred mostly by inter-islands trading and interactions where people from various ethnic groups, languages and background meet. Malay, particularly in Eastern Indonesia was brought by trading and missionary, particularly during Dutch colonization for more than 3 centuries. As the result, for daily speaking Malay has been creolized with many European languages influences (specially Dutch and Portuguese ) as well as local languages surroundings. The creoles are based on Malay, but highly influenced by European and indigenous structures, as examples :
In pronunciation, the creolized Malays are also influenced by local phonological systems and in Eastern Indonesia, nasalization and simplification are common, such as :
There are several varieties of Malay Creoles which scattered through Indonesia : BETAWIAN MALAY Betawian Malay is a creolized-Malay which is spoken in Jakarta -- the modern name of Betawi -- and its surroundings. Betawian or ''Omong Betawi'' is based on Bazar Malay (Melayu Pasar) but influenced by various languages as Javanese , Sundanese for the area is surrounded by Sundanese speaking area, Chinese , Portuguese, Dutch, Balinese and other ones. Betawian creole begun to be used after 1750 in Batavia, and replaced Portuguese Creole as ''lingua franca''. Betawian Malay is also formed by Chinese-style Malay spoken by Chinese settlers who came earlier and it also highly influenced Betawian Malay's development. It has now become very popular speech particularly among younger generations in Indonesia for it is popularized through television (such as ''sinetron'' or ''sitcom''). Betawian Malay is divided into two main dialects
Another Betawi Udik variant is called ''Betawi Ora'', which highly influenced by Javanese. There is a significant Chinese community who lives around Tangerang , called ''Cina Benteng'', who have lost their mother tongue. Now the ''Cina Benteng'' speak Betawian Malay. Examples :
BABA MALAY Baba Malay is also spoken in Malaysia even though now it is now almost extinct. It is a Malay spoken by Chinese descendants who live in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. A kind of ''Baba Malay'' is spoken among Chinese living in East Java. It is a mixture between Malay or Indonesian with local Javanese (East Javanese dialect) and Chinese elements (particularly Hakka). The variant is found only in East Java, particularly Surabaya and its surroundings. While other Chinese tend to speak according to where they live (in Central Java, the Chinese speak high or standard Javanese in daily conversation even among themselves; in West Java, they tend to speak Sundanese). However, in Surabaya the younger Chinese tend to speak pure Javanese (Surabaya dialect) and learn Mandarin in courses. Example (Spoken in Surabaya):
MANADO MALAY Manado Malay is another creole which is spoken as a Lingua Franca , particularly in Manado and Minahasa, North Sulawesi . It is based on Ternatean Malay and highly influenced by Ternatean, Dutch, Minahasa languages and some Spanish words. Examples :
Sentences :
TERNATEAN MALAY It resembles Manado Malay, but with different accent and some vocabularies. A large percentage of its vocabulary is borrowed from Ternatean, such as: ngana : you (sg) ngoni : you (pl) bifi : ant ciri : to fall Spoken in Ternate , Tidore and Halmahera islands, North Maluku for intergroup communications, and in the Sula Islands . Example :
BACANESE MALAY Spoken in Bacan islands and its surroundings, North Maluku . Distinct either to Ambonese or Ternate Malay. LARANTUKA MALAY Spoken as lingua franca in Larantuka , East Flores, East Nusa Tenggara . Based on Malay and distinct to Kupang Malay. While other parts of Flores island tend to speak standard Indonesian , though in Sikka and some community in Larantuka also speak some Portuguese particularly in religious matters. It can be heard in Holy Week rituals in Larantuka. Example :
KUPANG MALAY Spoken in Kupang , East Nusa Tenggara West-end of Timor Island. It is based on archaic Malay which mixed mostly with Dutch, Portuguese and Local Languages . Similar to Ambonese Malay with several differences in vocabularies and accents. Its grammatical system is resembling to other East Indonesian Malay Creoles. Examples :
AMBONESE MALAY This Malay creole was appeared since around the 17th century. Firstly it was brought by traders from Western Indonesia, but more developed when the Dutch Empire colonized the Molluccas ( Maluku ). It was the first time Malay transliterated into Roman script and used as missionary tools in Eastern Indonesia. Malay had been taught in schools and churches in Ambon, since that, Malay has become a Lingua Franca in Ambon and its surroundings. Christian speakers use Ambonese Malay as their mother tongue, meanwhile Muslims speak it as second language for they have got their own language. Muslims in Ambon island particularly live in several areas in Municipality of Ambon, dominant in Salahutu and Leihitu Peninsula. While in Lease (pron : LAY-AH-SAY) islands, Christian Ambonese-speaking community is dominant in part of Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut islands. Ambonese Malay Creole is also become lingua franca in Buru, Seram, Geser-Gorom and South-West Maluku islands, though with different accents. Ambonese Malay is based on Malay with high influences from European languages (Dutch and Portuguese) as well as indigenous ones either vocabularies or grammatical structures. It is very famous for its melodious accent. Muslims and Christian speakers tend to be different in vocabulary choice. Examples :
Ambonese word samples
BANDANESE MALAY A distinct variant of Moluccan Malay. Spoken in Banda islands, Maluku and it has specific accents. Different to Ambonese Malay and for Ambonese, Bandanese Malay heards funny for its uniqueness. Example :
PAPUAN/IRIAN MALAY It is a contact language among tribes in Indonesian New Guinea ( Papua and West Irian Jaya ), for trading and daily communication. Papuan or Irian had declared Malay as their unifying language since 1926 prior to Sumpah Pemuda declaration. Nowadays, they tend to speak more formal Indonesian . This variant is also understood in Vanimo, Papua New Guinea near Indonesian border. Example :
PENANGITE MALAY Penang island was opened by British in 1786 and became a mecca for immigrants. Penangite Muslims are consisted of various ethnic groups such as Malays, Thais, Burmese, Cambodians, Chinese, Indians, Javanese, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Boyanese, Buginese, Banjarese, Arabs and Persians. Through inter-marriages, the local Kedah dialect have been influence of lots foreign words. Examples:
Penangite word samples:
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