| Majin Buu |
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Information AboutMajin Buu |
is a Supervillain who First Appears in the ''Dragon Ball'' Manga created by Akira Toriyama , followed by '' Dragon Ball Z ''. Majin Buu makes a minor reappearance in the sequel '' Dragon Ball GT '' and also appears briefly in Toriyama's Self-parody '' Neko Majin Z ''. He is the last major figure to appear in ''Dragon Ball Z''. He was rated by ''Wizard'' Magazine as the 40th greatest villain of all time.''Wizard'' #177 DEVELOPMENT Like many Dragon Ball characters Buu's name is part of a joke . When placed with his creators Bibidi and Babidi ; the names phonetically form the phrase, "Bibidi Babidi Buu" — an obvious Parody on the song " Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo " — featured in Disney's '' Cinderella ''. The title " Majin " translates to " Djinn " or "magical being", but also can be translated as "demon being". Reason being that "ma" means "demon" or "magic". The word "jin" can mean "being" or "person" in Japanese . APPEARANCE Majin Buu's design is very unique when compared to the other characters in the series. There are several counterparts of Buu, but the basic appearance is pink skin, a single antenna sprouting from the top of the head, and a line of small spouts around the cranium and down the arms. All counterparts except one possess these traits; all but evil Buu, whose skin is dark gray. When Majin Buu first appears he is very large, but most of Buu's other forms are average in their weight. PERSONALITY Although he is one of the most powerful entities in ''Dragon Ball Z'', Buu is often playful and childish, revealing he destroys things for fun simply from old instructions from his master, stopping once told what he was doing was wrong. He literally struggles with the evil inside himself, with the latter winning and usurping near complete control, Buu becoming far more dangerous as a result. Buu's personality changes with each transformation he undergoes, varying from an unintelligent child to a cruel, efficient killer to a mass-murdering lunatic. CHARACTER HISTORY Origin Majin Buu is introduced in the ''Dragon Ball'' series during the last major saga called the Buu Saga . Buu is a five million year old extraterrestrial monster who has been dormant on Earth for most of his life. Due to his extreme power and ruthless nature, the wizard Bibidi, had him sealed away on Earth millions of years before Dragon Ball. Bibidi's son, the wizard Babidi would search for Buu in an attempt to revive him, and continue his father's work. Before he was sealed away, Bibidi battled the supreme rulers of the Universe (Kaioshin) with Buu. Majin Buu then used his power to absorb the Kaioshin. However, one of them was so pure, that it ended up changing Buu's nature from ruthless, to innocent. One of the Kaioshin (the East) escaped and later killed Bibidi after Buu was sealed away.Stated by the East Kaioshin — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga volume 21, chapter 251, page 191 Buu's resurgence See Also: Majin Buu Saga Millions of years later, Babidi finds Buu and revives him by energy gathered from three very powerful warriors called Super Saiyan s, who had been living on Earth at the time. Despite the efforts of the Super Saiyans and the Kaioshin who had killed Bibidi years earlier, Buu is revived in the innocent state at which he was sealed away. With Buu revived, he and Babidi destroy cities, killing millions.Babidi states that Buu is at full power — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 22, chapter 265, page 183 Buu and Babidi are confronted by the main protagonist of the series, Son Goku , who uses a Third Stage Of Super Saiyan to battle Buu. The battle is abruptly stopped by Goku, as he promises Buu that a warrior would emerge three days later that would have the power to defeat him. Buu is intrigued by this, and after coaxing from Goku, kills Babidi. Buu is now free from control. Despite the death of Babidi, Buu continues destroying cities, killing millions. Meanwhile, two young Super Saiyans named Son Goten and Trunks are perfecting a body fusion technique taught to them by Goku. They fuse into the super warrior Gotenks , and challenge Buu. Gotenks is defeated by Buu. During Gotenks's recovery, Buu decides to build a house, which is later visited by the world martial arts champion, Mr. Satan . Mr. Satan deceptively claims to admire Buu in an attempt to kill him. However, during this time, Buu heals an injured puppy and names him Bee (Bay in the Viz translation). Mr. Satan then asks Buu why he killed people, Buu stated that it was simply because it was an order from Bibidi and Babidi. Mr. Satan told Buu that killing people was a bad thing, and Buu told him that he would not do it any more. A couple of thugs determined to destroy Buu emerge and shoot Bee, fortunately revived by Buu. The thugs then set their sights on Mr. Satan, taking the life of the World Champion. Buu is also able to save Mr. Satan, but he is consumed by rage. Steam blasts from every spout, taking form as the manifestation of Buu's darker side, a being of pure evil, duly named Evil Buu. Evil Buu kills one of the thugs and faces off against his good counterpart. The battle ensues, and the good Buu is defeated. He is turned into a piece of chocolate by Evil Buu and eaten, re-fusing the two sides to become the new entity known as Super Buu. Super Buu kills the remaining thug and is about to kill Mr. Satan, when it is realized that he remembers Mr. Satan. It is later discovered that the good Buu was having major influences on the decisions of the other Buus. Super Buu refrains from killing Mr. Satan and flies off to meet the warrior that Goku promised him two days earlier. Super Buu See Also: Fusion Saga Arriving at the God of Earth's post called Kami's Lookout as he can now sense the ki signatures, Super Buu finds the team called the Z Fighters . He then demands to be presented with the promised fighter, despite being a day early. The current leader named Piccolo asks Buu to wait for the remaining day, and pleads that he uses the time to kill the rest of the humans. Buu displays his ruthlessness and impatience, by using a single attack towards Earth to wipe out the remaining human race, except those powerful enough to survive the attack and Mr. Satan. Piccolo then instructs Kuririn to send Goten and Trunks to the room called Room Of Spirit And Time , to train for an hour, equivalent to two weeks. But after thirty minutes, Buu grows impatient and demands to see the warrior. Piccolo agrees and takes Buu to the Room of Spirit and Time to meet Goten and Trunks. Goten and Trunks fuse to create Gotenks, and battle Buu using an assortment of tricks. Out of silliness, Gotenks states that he had no power left, forcing Piccolo to destroy the entrance to the room, trapping the three of them in the void. Buu becomes enraged and rips a hole in the dimensions, where he is able to escape back to the Lookout.Piccolo states that it is a hole through the dimensions — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 25, chapter 298, page 103 Buu then kills the remaining warriors at the Lookout, however, the God of Earth, Dende escapes to Earth. Gotenks ascends to Super Saiyan 3 and exits the room with Piccolo by making a hole himself. Buu battles Gotenks on Earth and is nearly killed by him when he reverts to normal and the fusion wears off, separating into Goten and Trunks again. Son Gohan then suddenly returns to Earth, who had his potential fully awakened. Gohan easily overwhelms Buu leading him to start an elaborate plan to defeat him by faking his death. Goten and Trunks create Gotenks again at Majin Buu's taunts, and Buu sees this opportunity to gain Gotenks' strength and Piccolo's intelligence. He absorbs them into his body, increasing his power and nearly killing Gohan. With Dende nearby, Gohan his healed. Tienshinhan who makes a surprise appearance, challenges Buu. Majin Buu, is however too powerful. Buu then attempts to destroy the Earth, but is stopped again by a Kienzan fired from behind him by Goku, who has returned after being revived in the Other World in Rou Dai Kaioshin, after his life essence is transferred. Goku then attempts to permanently fuse with Gohan. However, Buu absorbs Gohan before the fusion can be made. After absorbing Gohan, Buu becomes extremely powerful, forcing Goku to search for another to fuse with. Goku realizes that Vegeta had been brought back to Earth after his suicide, in an attempt to kill Buu earlier in the saga. The Saiyans fuse into the super warrior named Vegetto , who easily overwhelms Super Buu until he allows himself to be absorbed to rescue his family and friends. As the warriors who were absorbed are rescued by Goku and Vegeta, Buu transforms into his original self, known as Kid Buu. The good Buu was disconnected from Buu's body, but not removed. Kid Buu See Also: Kid Buu Saga Kid Buu destroys the Earth, and Goku and Vegeta escape to Kaioshin's Planet with Mr. Satan and Dende, where as Trunks, Goten, Gohan and Piccolo were unable to be saved. Buu arrives at Kaioshin's Planet to battle Goku and Vegeta. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan 2 and takes him on but Buu quickly took over the battle. Then, Goku transforms to Super Saiyan 3 and battles Buu, Majin Buu proves that he doesn't tire, while Goku contines to lose energy.Goku states that Buu's chi never decreases — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 26, chapter 316, page 116 With Goku building his energy to fight Buu, Vegeta takes the battle over but is nearly killed again. Majin Buu is then challenged by Satan, but cannot kill him because of good Buu's presence inside Kid Buu, so Kid Buu spits his counterpart out his system, and later battles him. Despite being defeated by his more evil counterpart, The good Buu is determined to buy Goku time to regain his energy. Realizing that Goku could not regain his energy, he reverts to normal. Realizing this, Vegeta plans to use the Namekian Dragon Balls to restore the Earth and revive all the good people who were killed since the 25th Tenkaichi Budokai. Goku then prepares to create his most powerful attack, the Genki Dama (The Spirit Bomb). Vegeta then asks the Earthlings' to give their energy, to which only their friends and family respond. After coaxing however from Mr Satan, then all the Earthlings give their energy to the Genki Dama. Now with an obstacle-free path, Goku takes his chance and throws the Genki Dama straight at Kid Buu, but due to his low energy, he is unable to destroy Buu with it, and he struggles with Buu who is pushing it back at him. The Namekian Dragon however, is used to restore Goku's power and Goku turns Super Saiyan and vaporizes the evil Buu with the Genki Dama, promising to meet again in another life. The group of warriors then return to Earth where they rejoice in their victory. Ten years later, a young boy appears to fight Goku at the 28th Tenkaichi Budokai. The boy's name is Uub (Buu spelt backwards), he is the reincarnation of Kid Buu. Goku then leaves to train him, in an attempt to retire as the world's greatest defender by training a successor. The new Majin Buu Ten years after Goku leaves with Uub, '' Dragon Ball GT '', Buu is once again forced to spring into action when the Tuffle parasite, Baby , invades Earth in search of the Saiyans. Buu uses his magical abilities to absorb Mr. Satan and Pan (Goku's granddaughter) to protect them from Baby's mind control eggs. Infiltrating the line of hypnotized people who are preparing to depart Earth for the Planet Tuffle, Buu is forced to intervene when Pan is confronted by her enslaved parents, Gohan and Videl. However, Uub returns at the last minute and knocks Gohan and Videl out while Buu takes Pan and Mr. Satan to safety. But seeing Uub struggle against Baby-Vegeta, Buu bids farewell to Mr. Satan and Pan, and then allows himself to be absorbed by Uub. They then become the warrior Ubuu (known as '''Majuub''' in the FUNimation dub). Ubuu fights Baby Vegeta, but ends up turned into a piece of chocolate and eaten by the Tuffle. However, Ubuu, from inside Baby Vegeta's body, begins to power up and swell Baby's body, causing him enough pain to spit him back out. After Baby's death at the hands of Goku, Ubuu fights in the next World Tournament under the disguise of Papayaman, and intends to defeat Hercule when Fat Buu, from inside Ubuu's subconscious, asks him not to, since doing so would badly bring the Earthlings' morale down (the people of Earth believe Hercule to be their saviour from Cell and Baby). This is Majin Buu's last appearance in the series. FORMS AND TRANSFORMATIONS Buu has the most transformations of any character in ''Dragon Ball''. All in all, Buu "successfully" absorbs 7 people, The 2 kaioshins, Good Buu, Goten, Trunks, Piccolo, and Gohan. Due to his vast amount of forms, most of them are given fan-dubbed names, though the character remains the same. Regardless of appearance and personality, Majin Buu remains essentially the same. While not in the original Manga or Anime , the fourth ''Daizenshuu'' and various video games and merchandise assign different titles to help fans distinguish between the changes Majin Buu undergoes throughout the series. The following are the forms of Buu in the order they are first seen: Fat Buu - ''"Majin Buu (Good)"; "Mr. Buu"'' The first time viewers are introduced to Buu he is in this corpulent form, created through the absorption of Dai Kaiōshin. Rarely do his eyes ever open, and he wears yellow boots and gloves, a purple cape, a black vest, and white pants. He acts in a childish manner and is the most naive of all the Buus, as he is shown to have little or no knowledge of anything around him, even by his own powers. Because he retains an element of evil, Buu is still a danger, because he has almost no sense of an independent mind, so he is easily susceptible to doing whatever someone tells him to do. When Buu struggles with keeping his promise with Mr. Satan not to kill and a desire for revenge with those who wronged him, the internal conflict causes a second Buu to emerge. Evil Buu - '''''"Majin Buu (Pure Evil)"''''' After Buu dispelled the evil from his body, the vapor gained this tall, emaciated form. This Buu represents the dark side of Fat Buu and has the bulk of the original Buu's power, since Majin Buu was originally created through pure evil. This also explains why his reaction to the shooting of Mr. Satan was so despicable, and even appalled the Fat Buu. He is a polar opposite of the "good" Buu in all aspects apart from apparel, including the color of his flesh (a drab grey) and gravelly manner of speech. The two Buus fight, with the evil incarnation gaining the upper hand and consuming "Good Buu" after reflecting an attack meant to turn him into chocolate. By consuming the Good Buu, the Evil Buu transformed into ''Super Buu''. Super Buu - '''''"Majin Buu (Evil)"''''' In this form Buu enjoys a large increase in power, as the evil within him has almost completely suppressed the good. Both his height and musculature increase, with his eyes turning full black, save for the irises which are in turn red and white. The gloves previous Buus once wore are eliminated and replaced with black armbands, complimented by a new set of boots that are black and gripped. It is stated that his power is twice the power of Fat Buu and due to this, only Gotenks, Mystic Gohan and Vegetto have the power to defeat him, while Goku and Vegeta said that they would die fighting against this form of Buu. He is easily irritated and impatient, entertaining himself by constantly Cracking His Neck with an insatiable desire to prove himself as the strongest fighter in existence. He first battles Gotenks, who is equal in power with him as a Super Saiyan 3 . Gotenks eventually defuses, but before Super Buu can press his advantage he is attacked by Gohan . Overwhelmed, Buu successfully schemes to absorb the power of Gotenks and steal the mind of Piccolo. Super Buu - ''"Majin Buu (Evil) + Piccolo/Gotenks", "Buu-tenks"'' In addition to his strength increase from Gotenks, Buu's intelligence greatly increases, and he now speaks with Piccolo's eloquence. He takes on more human facial features, though his head tentacle is far longer than before, mimicking the exaggerated hair acquired at Super Saiyan 3. His short, stubby fingers become long, full-sized fingers. Because Gotenks is his main power source, Buu is dressed in the black and yellow vest unique to the Fusion Dance. Buu is able to adapt and customize his victims' attacks and techniques, and has the battle well in hand until the fusion between Goten and Trunks wears off. In the series, this is the first stage at which Buu calls himself "Super Buu". Super Buu - ''"Majin Buu (Evil) + Piccolo/Goten/Trunks", "Buu-colo"'' A sub-version of his previous form, Buu loses much in the way of power while retaining intelligence, now wearing Piccolo's trademark cape (as the Namek is now his primary absorption). Fearful that Goku and Gohan would team up and destroy him, Buu uses a piece of tentacle that had been previously severed to absorb Gohan, adding another casualty to his dietary menu. The form appears again after Goku and Vegeta removed the pods containing Gohan, Goten, and Trunks from Buu. Later, after the removal of Goten, Trunks, and Gohan, this form reappears with Piccolo's pants and shirt in addition to his cape. Super Buu - ''"Majin Buu (Evil) + Gohan/Piccolo/Goten/Trunks", "Buu-han"'' Buu's power shoots to an unprecedented level when compared to the Buus that have appeared until that point in the anime and the manga, with his body going through yet more physical changes. His face now becomes more like Gohan's. He now wears Gohan's familiar orange gi; appearing more human as the tentacle atop his head increases in size and width. The Second most powerful of all Buu's forms, he proclaims himself "The Mightiest Majin", his power surpassing all prior forms the Z warriors had so far fought. Buu is more confident and boastful than ever before, belittling attempts at stopping him by Goku and the newly arrived Vegeta until they fuse into Vegetto via the Potara earrings. Even by Buu’s standards Vegetto's power was astonishing, and an attempt at absorbing him only led to Goku and Vegeta freeing Buu's previous victims, removing nearly all stolen mental/physical attributes and influences. ''"Majin Buu + Southern Kaioshin"'' This form is seen briefly as a midpoint during Buu's transformation into his original form. He swells up and becomes large and muscular. As explained by East Kaioshin, this is the form the original Buu took on after absorbing South Kaioshin. Kid Buu - ''"Majin Buu (Original/Pure Evil)"'' The original demon created by Bibidi.The Supreme Kai states that Kid Buu is indead the original Buu — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 26, chapter 314, page 80 While his power is ten times greater then that of his Super Buu forms —''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 26, chapter 312, page 60 he is also by far the most wild, dangerous and unpredictable. Regardless, he is still a powerful force not to be trifled with, as he is not only pure evil, but his rationality and sanity are practically non-existent, making him extremely dangerous to be around because of his destructively unpredictable nature. When he finds he cannot harm Mr. Satan, Buu clutches his head in agony before spitting out his last remnant of good, (Fat/Good Buu), thus becoming what he originally was, pure evil. Reflecting his lack of sanity, Kid Buu's speech is very undeveloped, being able to speak only in chirps and gibberish in the original Japanese version, though the English dub gives him a slightly wider vocabulary. He learns new techniques just by watching them, and destroys Earth and numerous other planets out of childish glee. He is eventually destroyed by a Genki Dama from Son Goku . Other adaptations Uub Uub is the pure good, reincarnated version of Kid Buu.Goku reveals that Uub is indeed the reincarnated form of Buu — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 26, chapter 324, pages 224-225 Right when Goku defeated Kid Buu with his ''Chou Genki Dama'', he told Buu that he hoped that he would come back someday as a good person, so that they could fight again. King Yemma heard Goku's wish and had Kid Buu reincarnated into a human form named Uub. Goku fights him at the Tenkaichi Budokai ten years later. Goku then takes him away to train with him so that Goku would have an apprentice who could protect the Earth. Uub is also one of the very few characters in the series to never die once, the others being Mr. Satan,Pan,Bra and Good Buu. Majuub Majuub is , Super 17 , and Yi Xing Long (Syn/Omega Shen Long). The name "Majuub" is not used in the original version of the anime or the dub by Blue Water. POWERS AND ABILITIES Absorption :Buu can use any part of his body to absorb a being. After a being is absorbed they will remain inside of Buu forever. Buu will usually take on the characteristics of the strongest being inside of him and can use the abilities of the beings he has absorbed. Buu will also gain strength porportionate to who he absorbed, and in some cases fragments of his victims personality. Body Manipulation :Buu has full control over every aspect of his physical make-up, able to stretch, shape-shift, liquefy, and otherwise manipulate his malleable body. He can use this to punch targets from afar or wrap up people with his body and constrict them, as well. This also allows pieces of skin to fall off of him for absorption. Regeneration :Majin Buu has an uncanny ability to regenerate from almost any significant assault performing on him is able to regenerate even from the vapor left from the destruction of small remaing fragments of his body, and has done such several times. ;Bukuu Jutsu ''(Lighter Than Air Skill)'' :The ability of flight through Ki manipulation. Majin Buu possesses this skill. ;Chikyuu Hokai no Ichigeki ''(Destruction of Earth in One Attack)'' :A massive ''ki'' ball created by Kid Buu by collecting energy in his right palm, enough to destroy a planet ten times the size of Earth in a single shot. Used to not only destroy Earth but many other planets as Buu seeks out the place where Goku and Vegeta were hiding. Called ''Vanishing Ball'' in the ''Budokai'' series of video games, and ''Planet Burst'' in Budokai Tenkaichi 2. ;Henka Beam ''(Change Beam)'' :Buu's unique ability to change objects and living beings around him into inanimate objects, prefereably confectionaries. Though he usually turns them into foods, Buu has transformed a small population into clay for his house on one occasion during the Buu Saga. Vegetto is the only entity that is shown to able to retain his will or move after being hit by the attack, going as far as to fighting Buu and giving him a hard time, as "the world's strongest coffee candy". Called ''Chocolate Beam'' in the Budokai Tenkaichi series. ;Jinruizetsumetsukogeki ''(Special Human Genocide Attack)'' :Known as ''Human Extinction Attack'' in the dub, Super Buu creates a vast amount of energy from his left palm that disperses to seek out and kill all living beings. Only those with a high-enough level to evade their path escaped from death, with Mr. Satan spared due to the friendly Buu's influence. Kai Kai :The ability to teleport to other areas even if there is not a ''ki'' signal there, when Kid Buu was about to destroy the Earth he apparently managed to copy this skill from Kibitoshin who came to Earth to make a last second save of Goku, Vegeta, Dende and Mr. Satan. ;Kamehameha ''(Turtle Destruction Wave)'' :A ki blast that is charged up from both hands, and then released at the opponent. Majin Buu copied this skill in his battle against Super Saiyan 3 Goku. ;Kaifuku ''(Healing)'' :Fat Buu can completely heal another being if he so chooses, even if they are blind or near death. So long as the recipient is still alive, Buu can bring them back to health. He is unable to revive the deceased, however.Buu states that he can heal anyone as long as they are not deceased — ''Dragon Ball Z'' manga, volume 24, chapter 290, page 164 Koukyuu Gata Kikou Ha :Buu puts his arms forth and lauches a gigantic energy ball. Buu had nearly killed Gohan with this technique and he used it again against Vegetto as Super Buu w/Gohan. ''Kikou Ha'' means "Energy Blast Wave", so this is basically Buu's spin on the standard ''ki'' blast. ;Renzoku Kienzan ''(Continuous Kienzan)'' :Buu launches a great number of energy disks that slice through any inferior object or projectile, used by Super Buu (Gohan). Known as the ''Destructo Disc'' in english releases. ;Renzoku Kikou Dan ''(Continuous Energy Bullet)'' :Buu shoots ki bolts continuously from both hands. The result is a machine gun effect. Majin Buu copied this skill in his battle against Majin Vegeta, and used it in his battle against Super Saiyan 3 Goku. Zenshin kara no Shyougeki Ha :Fat Buu rapidly powers up, creating a strong pink aura that grows exponentially in size and eventually explodes, causing massive damage. While not given in the series, the attack is named in the seventh ''daizenshuu''. Called ''Angry Explosion'' in the Budokai series. APPEARANCES IN OTHER MEDIA Video games Buu has appeared in the following ''Dragon Ball'' video games: '''' Fat Buu and Kid Buu are playable. '''' Fat Buu and Super Buu are playable. '''' All forms except Mega Buu and Pure Evil Buu act as Bosses . '''' Fat Buu, Super Buu and Kid Buu are playable. '''' Fat Buu and Super Buu are playable. '''' Kid Buu with Mega Buu while he charges, Super Buu is showed in the intro video. '''' Fat Buu is playable. '''' Fat Buu, Super Buu and Kid Buu are playable. '''' Fat Buu, Super Buu and Kid Buu are playable. '''' Every form of Buu except Mega Buu is playable. '' Super Dragon Ball Z '' only Fat Buu is playable. '''' All forms except Mega Buu and Super Buu w/Piccolo are playable. '''' All forms of Buu except Mega Buu act as bosses. '''' Only Fat Buu and Super Buu are playable. '' Super Dragon Ball Z '' Fat Buu is playable. '' Battle Stadium D.O.N '' Only Fat Buu is playable. '' Jump Ultimate Stars '' Kid Buu is playable and Fat Buu is a support character. '''' Kid Buu is playable. '''' Fat Buu, Super Buu and Kid Buu are playable. Neko Majin Z Fat Buu appears as a cameo in '' Neko Majin Z '', a short series of one-shot manga chapters by Akira Toriyama. Neko Majin's friend finds Buu just wandering around after mistaking him for Neko Majin. Buu is surprised that Neko Majin's friend doesn't know who he is and breaks the fourth wall by mentioning that he's from the Dragon Ball manga. Buu displays his strength while Neko Majin's friend remains unsurprised and responds by saying that Neko Majin does stuff like that all the time (he also mentions how Neko Majin looks and acts similar to Buu). Buu leaves and tells Neko Majin's friend to call him to fight Neko Majin when he comes around. Later, Neko Majin's rival had stolen the source of his power, so Neko Majin's friend called Buu and told him that Neko Majin's rival was Neko Majin. Buu easily beats him and leaves very unfulfilled. VOICE ACTORS Toei Doga's: FUNimation's:
Blue Water Studios : BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOTES AND REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
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