| Mahmud Of Ghazni |
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| 971 births | |
| 1030 deaths | |
| ghaznavid empire | |
| history of iran | |
| history of afghanistan | |
| history of india | |
| history of pakistan | |
| pederasty in the muslim world | |
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Mahmud of Ghazni ( ''Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī'') ( from 997 until his death. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which included modern-day Afghanistan , most of Iran and Pakistan as well as regions in the northwest India (now). He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan , signifying his break from the suzerainty of the Caliph . LINEAGE Mahmud's grandfather was Alptigin , a Turkic slave-guard of the Samanids in Balkh who crossed the Hindu Kush mountains to seize Ghazni from the declining Samanid kingdom, located strategically on the road between Kabul and Kandahar . Alptigin was succeeded in 977 by his slave and son-in-law Sabuktigin , who enlarged upon Alptigin's conquests, extending his domain north to Balkh , west to Kandahar and Khorasan Province , and east to the Indus River . According to Ferishta , Mahmoud's mother was a Persian noble from Zabulistan Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah , ''"History Of The Mohamedan Power In India"'', Chapter I, ''"Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī"'', p.27 - this information contradicts Ferdowsi 's satirization of Mahmud for ''"being descended from slaves on both maternal and paternal side"''. Sebuktigin was recognized by the Caliph in Baghdad as governor of his dominions. He died in 997 , and was succeeded by his younger son Sultan Ismail Of Ghazni . Mahmud rebelled against his younger brother, Sultan Ismail Of Ghazni , and took over the Ghazni as the new Sultan. MILITARY CAMPAIGNS In 994 Mahmud was engaged with his father Sabuktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir Nuh II . During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, chief being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali, the General Behtuzun as well as the neighbouring Buyid and Qarakhanid s. Consolidation of Rule Sultan Mahmud's first campaign was against the Qarakhanid Empire in the North to his Empire. After his defeat he had to enlist the alliance of Seljuk Turks in southern Soghdia and Khwarazm and diplomatically secure his north by 998. In 999 under the reign of 'Abd Al-Malik II of the Samanids engaged in hostilities with Mahmud over Khorasan after political alliances shifted under a new Samanid Emir. These forces were defeated when the Kharakhanids under Nasr Khan invaded them from the North even as Fa'iq died. He then solicited an alliance and cemented it with by marrying Nasr Khan's daughter. | ||
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