, or '''MGM''', is an
American Media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of
Film s and
Television programs.
From the end of the and
60s , it was ultimately unable to cope with the loss of its theater chain (due to the
Paramount Decrees ), and the power shift from studio bosses to independent
Producer s and
Agents .
On
April 8 ,
2005 , the company was acquired by a partnership led by
Sony Corporation Of America and
Comcast in association with
Texas Pacific Group (now
TPG Capital, L.P. ) and
Providence Equity Partners .
MGM Mirage , a
Las Vegas -based
Hotel And Casino company listed on the
New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "
MGM ", is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Sony Pictures currently distributes MGM/
UA /
Columbia TriStar co-productions—most notably ''
Casino Royale ''—but outside of the co-productions MGM is now actively involved in acquiring worldwide film rights and distributing theatrical motion pictures domestically.
20th Century Fox will be handling the international theatrical distribution and worldwide home video distribution of MGM titles.
Established in 1924, MGM is tied for the fifth-oldest movie studio in history with
Columbia Pictures .
In
1924 , theater magnate
Marcus Loew had a problem. He'd bought
Metro Pictures (founded in
1916 ) and
Goldwyn Pictures (founded in
1917 ) to provide a steady supply of films for his large theater chain,
Loews, Inc. However, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant
Nicholas Schenck was needed in
New York to oversee the theaters.
Loew addressed the situation by buying
Mayer Pictures on
April 16 , 1924. Because of his decade-long success as a producer,
Louis B. Mayer was made a vice-president of Loews and head of studio operations in California, with Harry Rapf and the twenty-five year old "boy wonder"
Irving Thalberg as heads of production. For decades, MGM's legal name was "Loews, Inc."
Originally, the new studio's films were presented in the following manner: ''Louis B. Mayer presents a Metro-Goldwyn picture'', but Mayer soon added his name to the studio. Though Loew's Metro was the dominant partner, the new studio inherited Goldwyn's studios in
Culver City, California , the former Goldwyn mascot
Leo The Lion (which replaced Metro's parrot symbol), and the corporate motto ''Ars Gratia Artis'' ("
Art For Art's Sake ").
Also inherited from Goldwyn was a runaway production, ''
Ben-Hur '', which had been filming in Rome for months without producing much usable film. Mayer took charge of the situation by scrapping most of what had been shot and bringing production back to Culver City. Though ''Ben-Hur'' was the most costly film made up to its time, it became MGM's first great public-relations triumph, establishing an image for the company that persisted for years. Also in
1925 , MGM passed
Universal Studios as the largest studio in Hollywood—a lead it kept for most of the next quarter-century.
Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to his longtime associate, Nicholas Schenck. Rival mogul
William Fox saw an opportunity to expand his empire, and in 1929, with Schenck's assent, bought the Loew family's holdings. However, Mayer and Thalberg were outraged. Despite their high posts in the company, they were not shareholders. Mayer in particular used his political connections to persuade the
Justice Department to sue Fox for violating federal antitrust law. During this time, Fox was badly hurt in an automobile accident. By the time he recovered, the
Stock Market Crash had virtually wiped out his financial holdings, ending any chance of the Loews merger going through even if the Justice Department had given its blessing. Schenck and Mayer had never gotten along; in fact, Mayer reportedly called his boss "Mr. Skunk" in private. The abortive Fox merger only increased the animosity between them. Schenck blamed Mayer rather than the stock market crash for costing him an instant fortune. The animosity between the two men led to a heated rivalry between the New York and Hollywood sides of the company that lasted over 30 years.
" used between 1938 and 1956, was arguably the most recognized studio logo during the ''
Golden Age Of Hollywood ''.]]
From the outset, MGM tapped into the audience's need for glamour and sophistication. Having inherited few big names from their predecessor companies, Mayer and Thalberg began at once to create and publicize a host of new stars, among them ,
Jean Harlow ,
Robert Montgomery ,
Myrna Loy ,
Jeanette MacDonald , and
Nelson Eddy among them. In 1928 MGM released the first all-color sound feature (in
Technicolor and including a synchronized score and sound effects but no spoken dialogue), entitled ''
The Viking ''. In 1930, MGM released ''
The Rogue Song '' which became their first all color all-talking feature (in Technicolor). In the same year, they purchased the rights to distribute a series of cartoons that starred a character named ''
Flip The Frog ''), produced by
Ub Iwerks . The first cartoon in this series (entitled ''Fiddlesticks'') was also the first sound cartoon to be produced in Technicolor.
Like its rivals, MGM produced fifty pictures a year. Loews' theaters were mostly located in New York and the
Northeast , so MGM films were very sophisticated and polished. As the
Depression deepened, MGM could make a claim its rivals could not: it never lost money. It was the only Hollywood studio that continued to pay dividends during the 1930s.
MGM stars dominated the box office in the 30's.
Norma Shearer (the top star and money maker for the studio),
Joan Crawford , and
Greta Garbo all reigned as not only the top three figures at the studio but in
Hollywood itself. Garbo started losing her American audience after
Queen Christina (1934), Shearer was still the top money maker despite screen appearances becoming scarce, and Joan Crawford continued her box office power up until 1937. By 1943 all three had left the studio.
Joan Crawford moved to
Warner Brothers where her career took a dramatic upturn for the better, Shearer and Garbo never made another film after leaving MGM.
Mayer and Irving Thalberg's relationship was lukewarm at best; Thalberg preferred literary works to the crowd-pleasers Mayer wanted. Thalberg, always physically frail, was removed as head of production in 1932. Mayer encouraged other staff producers, among them his son-in-law
David O. Selznick , but no one seemed to have the sure touch of Thalberg. As Thalberg fell increasingly ill in 1936, Louis Mayer could now serve as his temporary replacement also. Rumors flew that Thalberg was leaving to set up his own independent company; his early death in
1936 , at age thirty-seven, cost MGM dearly.
As a result of Thalberg's death, Mayer became head of production as well as studio chief, becoming the first million-dollar executive in American history. The company remained profitable, although a change toward "series" pictures (''Andy Hardy'', ''Maisie'', the ''
Thin Man '' pictures, et al.) is seen by some as evidence of Mayer's restored influence. Also playing a huge role was Ida Koverman, Mayer's "right hand woman".
In 1933, MGM began to distribute its second series of cartoons, starring a character named ''
Willie Whopper '', that was also produced by Ub Iwerks. In 1934, MGM hired
Hugh Harman And Rudolph Ising to produce a new series of color cartoons. These were known as ''
Happy Harmonies '' and in many ways resembled the early ''
Merrie Melodies '' they had previously done for
Warner Bros. The ''Happy Harmonies'' regularly ran over budget, and MGM dismissed Harman-Ising and started its own
Animation Studio in 1937. After the resulting struggles with a poorly-received series of ''Captain and the Kids'' cartoons, the studio re-hired Harman and Ising. MGM's biggest cartoon stars came in the form of the cat-and-mouse duo
Tom And Jerry , created by
William Hanna and
Joseph Barbera in 1940. The ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons won seven
Academy Awards between 1943 and 1953. In 1941,
Tex Avery joined the animation department. It was Avery who gave the unit its image, with successes like ''
Red Hot Riding Hood '', ''
Swing Shift Cinderella '', and the ''
Droopy '' series.
Increasingly, before and during
World War II , Mayer came to rely on his "
College Of Cardinals "—senior producers who controlled the studio's output. This management-by-committee may explain why MGM seemed to lose its momentum, developing few new stars and relying on the safety of
Sequel s and bland material. Production values remained high, and even
"B" Pictures carried a polish and gloss that made them expensive to mount, and artificial in tone. After 1940, production was cut from fifty pictures a year to a more manageable twenty-five features per year. It was during this time that MGM released very successful
Musicals with newly-acquired contract players such as
Judy Garland ,
Fred Astaire ,
Gene Kelly , and
Frank Sinatra , to name just a few.
As audiences drifted away after the war, MGM found it difficult to attract audiences. While other studios backed away from the popular musicals of the war years, MGM increased its output to as many as five or six each year, roughly one-quarter of its annual output. Such pictures were expensive to produce, requiring a full staff of songwriters, arrangers, musicians, dancers, and technical support, and releasing so many each year affected the company’s finances. By the late forties, as MGM's profit margins decreased, word came from Schenck in New York: find "a new Thalberg" who could improve quality while paring costs. Mayer thought he had found this savior in
Dore Schary , a writer and producer who had had a couple of successful years running
RKO .
Mayer's taste for wholesomeness and "beautiful" movies conflicted with Schary's preference for gritty
Message Picture s. In August 1951, after a period of friendly antagonism with Schary, Mayer was fired. One report says that Mayer called Schenck and New York with an ultimatum—"It's him or me". Mayer tried to stage a
Boardroom Coup to oust his old nemesis, but failed.
Gradually cutting loose expensive contract actors (perhaps most noteworthily, Judy Garland in 1950), Schary managed to keep the studio running much as it had through the early
1950s . Under Schary, MGM produced some well-regarded musicals, among them ''
An American In Paris '', ''
Singin' In The Rain '' and ''
The Band Wagon ''. However, it was a losing fight, as the mass audience preferred to stay home and watch television. (''An American in Paris'' and ''Singin' in the Rain'', as well as the 1951 Technicolor
Remake of ''
Show Boat '', were box office hits; ''The Band Wagon'' was not.)
In 1954, as a settlement of the government's restraint-of-trade action, ''
U.S. Vs. Paramount Pictures, Et Al. '', Loews, Inc. gave up control of MGM. It would take another five years before the interlocking arrangements were completely undone, by which time both Loews and MGM were sinking.
As the studio system faded in the late
1950s and
1960s , MGM's prestige faded with it. In
1957 (by coincidence, the year L.B. Mayer died) the studio lost money for the first time in its 34-year history. Cost overruns and the failure of the 1957 big-budget epic ''
Raintree County '' prompted the studio to release Schary from his contract. Schary's reign at MGM had been marked with few bona-fide hits, but his departure (along with the retirement of Schenck in
1955 ) left a power vacuum that would prove difficult to fill. By
1960 , MGM had released all of its contract players, with many either retiring or moving onto television.
Television, thought to be a passing fad, increasingly dominated entertainment, and at the urging of
Leonard Goldenson , longtime head of Paramount's theater chain who now ran
ABC , MGM made a few feeble moves into the new medium. Like those of the other studios, MGM's first attempts at programming were either glorified trailers (''MGM Parade''), or based on past movie successes like ''The Thin Man''. (Years later, they would produce highly successful TV series, like ''
The Man From U.N.C.L.E. '' and the sitcom version of ''
The Courtship Of Eddie's Father '').
In 1956, MGM sold what is now one of its most beloved movies, ''
The Wizard Of Oz '', to
CBS , which scheduled it to be shown in November of that year. In a landmark event, ‘’Oz’’ became the first theatrical film to be shown complete in one evening on
Prime Time television over a major American commercial network. (
Olivier's version of ''
Hamlet '' was shown on prime time network TV a month later, but split in half over two weeks). With its second showing on CBS in
1959 , ''The Wizard of Oz'' became an annual
Tradition , drawing huge audiences in homes all over the U.S. and earning additional profits for the studio. The studio was all too happy to see ''Oz'' become, through television, one of the two or three most famous films MGM has ever made, and one of the few films that nearly everybody in the U.S. has seen at least once.
'', ''''. The logo has since been relegated to only the ends of the credits; it was also retained by the
MGM Records division and is also still used by the
MGM Mirage corporation.]]
1957 also marked the end of the cartoon era at MGM, as the animation unit was closed due to budget issues. How it was closed is a matter of some debate; according to Joseph Barbera, the accountants called MGM with the message, "close the animation studio".Barbera, J: ''How Bill & Joe met Tom & Jerry'', interviews with William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Warner Home Video, 2005 Instead, MGM decided to rerelease older cartoons (they had proved popular when released alongside new shorts). Hanna and Barbera moved to television with the formation of
Hanna-Barbera Productions .
was parodied at the beginning of ''
Tom And Jerry '' shorts from 1963 to 1967, featuring Tom the cat in the place of Leo the Lion.]]
In
1958 , however, MGM released what is generally considered their last great musical,
Arthur Freed 's widescreen, color production of ''
Gigi '', starring
Leslie Caron ,
Maurice Chevalier , and
Louis Jourdan . Adapted from the novel by
Colette , and written by the team of
Lerner And Loewe , who also wrote ''My Fair Lady'' and ''Camelot'', ''Gigi'' was a boxoffice and critical smash, won nine
Academy Awards including
Best Picture , and from it came several hit songs, including ''Thank Heaven For Little Girls'', ''I Remember It Well'', the ''Waltz at
Maxim's '', and the Oscar-winning title song. The film was the last MGM musical to win a Best Picture Oscar, an honor that had previously gone to ''
The Broadway Melody '' (1929), ''
The Great Ziegfeld '' (1936), and ''An American in Paris'' (1951).
In
1959 , MGM enjoyed one of its most spectacular successes of later years, with the release of its nearly four hour
Technicolor version of ''
Ben-Hur ''. Starring
Charlton Heston in the title role, the film would go on to win 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record that held until ''
Titanic '' matched it in 1997 along with
"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King" in 2003. ''Ben-Hur'' was also an immense success both critically and at the box office.
In
1961 , MGM resumed releasing new Tom and Jerry shorts, and production moved to Rembrandt Films in
Czechoslovakia , under the supervision of
Gene Deitch . Deitch's Tom and Jerry cartoons are noteworthy as being very distant from the original Hanna and Barbera style of animation. In
1963 , the production of Tom and Jerry returned to Hollywood under
Chuck Jones and his
Sib Tower 12 Productions studio (later absorbed by MGM and renamed
MGM Animation/Visual Arts ). Jones' group also produced its own works, winning an
Oscar for ''
The Dot And The Line '', as well as producing the classic television version of ''
How The Grinch Stole Christmas! '' (with
Theodore Geisel ). ''Tom and Jerry'' folded in 1967, and the animation department continued with
Television Special s and one feature film, ''
The Phantom Tollbooth ''.
MGM fell into a habit in this period that would eventually sink the studio: an entire year's production schedule relied on the success of one big-budget epic each year. This policy began in
1959 , when ''Ben-Hur'' was profitable enough to carry the studio through 1960. However, later attempts at big-budget epics failed, among them ''
Cimarron '' (1960), ''
King Of Kings '' (1961), ''
Four Horsemen Of The Apocalypse '' (1961), and most notoriously, the 1962 remake of ''
Mutiny On The Bounty ''. One other epic that was a success, however, was the MGM-
Cinerama co-production ''
How The West Was Won '', with a huge all-star cast. ''King of Kings'', while a commercial flop, has since come to be regarded as a film classic.
As MGM sank (along with the other main-line studios), a series of studio heads came and went, along with a succession of corporate managers, all hoping to bring back the studio's glory days.
In 1967, MGM was sold to the Canadian investor
Edgar Bronfman, Sr. (whose son
Edgar, Jr. would later buy
Universal Studios ). Two years later, an increasingly unprofitable MGM was bought (though some say
Raided ) by
Nevada millionaire
Kirk Kerkorian . What appealed to Kerkorian was MGM's Culver City real estate, and the value of 45 years' worth of glamour associated with the name, which he attached to a
Las Vegas Hotel and
Casino . As for film-making, that part of the company was quickly and severely
Downsized under the supervision of
James T. Aubrey, Jr. Aubrey, known from his days as head of programming at CBS as "the smiling cobra", sold off the studio's accumulation of props, furnishings and historical memorabilia, including Dorothy's red slippers from ''The Wizard of Oz''. Put up for sale was venerable Lot 3, 40 acres (160,000 m&
2) of back-lot property, which became an up-scale real-estate project.
Through the 1970s studio output slowed considerably—Aubrey preferred four or five medium-budget pictures each year, along with a smattering of low-budget fare. With output cut back so severely, Kerkorian closed MGM's sales and distribution offices in
1973 , handing that duty to
United Artists . Kerkorian now distanced himself from the operations of the studio, focusing on his casino properties. Another chunk of the back lot was sold in
1974 ; the last shooting done on the backlot was the introductory material for ''
That's Entertainment! '' a retrospective
Documentary that became a surprise hit for the studio. The shoddy look of the famous MGM exteriors and back lots, shown in ''That's Entertainment!'' (for instance, the "New York" street), was startling; a studio that had previously had so much glamour and expertise in making big-budget films looked as if it had been reduced to nothing more than the average, low-budget studio. In addition to MGM's fast declining image, the
MGM Recording Studios were sold in 1975.
In 1979, Kerkorian declared that MGM was now primarily a hotel company, but he did commit to increased production and an expanded film library when he bought the sinking
United Artists in
1981 .
The "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" lettering on the
Studio's Logo was changed to reflect their acquisition of UA, now reading "MGM/UA Entertainment Co."—the new name for the company. UA, which was essentially bankrupt following the disaster of ''
Heaven's Gate '', cut its production schedule sharply.
Following a failed attempt to take over CBS in 1985, the ambitious
Georgia -based media entrepreneur
Ted Turner bought MGM/UA. But his bankers, concerned about the already heavy debt-load his companies carried, refused to back him, and exactly seventy-four days later (
October 17 ,
1986 ), Turner announced he was re-selling most of MGM/UA to Kirk Kerkorian for approximately $780 million USD ($480 million for United Artists and $300 million for the MGM logo).
Turner retained the one MGM asset he really craved, the MGM film library, as well as the United Artists Television package (excepting most shows produced by UA itself and its predecessor
Ziv Television Programs , with ''
Gilligan's Island '' going to Turner). Kerkorian got United Artists and the rights to the MGM name and
Trademark . The venerable Culver City lot, home to MGM and its predecessor since 1918, was sold to
Lorimar-Telepictures , a television production company.
How much of MGM's back catalog Turner actually obtained was a point of conflict for a time; eventually it was determined that Turner owned all of the MGM library, dating back to pre-merger days, as well as the pre-1948 Warner Bros. catalog, the entire RKO library, and a good share of United Artists's own backlist.
Turner began broadcasting MGM films through his
Turner Network Television , and caused a controversy when he began "colorizing" many black and white classics. In
1987 , the MGM/UA name continued to be utilized, but it changed its name to MGM/UA Communications Co., now using MGM and UA as separate brands, and the company especially created a new logo for use on co-productions between MGM and UA. Productions made by MGM carried a new version of the original studio logo, which had the byline "An MGM/UA Communications Company" until 1993.
In
1990 , an obscure Italian promoter,
Giancarlo Parretti , announced that he had taken control of France's
Pathé Frères , and was about to buy MGM/UA. Despite a cloudy past Parretti got backing from
Credit Lyonnais and took control of MGM/UA through a leveraged buyout. However in 1991 his ownership dissolved in a flurry of lawsuits and a default by Crédit Lyonnais, and Parretti faced
Securities Fraud charges in the
United States and
Europe . Pathé was purchased by
Chargeurs in 1992.
Despite a few commercial successes, Credit Lyonnais was unable to stem the tide of red ink during the mid-'s
Seven Network , and installing a professional management team, Kerkorian was able to convince Wall Street that a revived MGM was worthy of a place on the stock market.
However, despite a few successful pictures and a re-built film library, it was clear that MGM could not compete in a business that required hundreds of millions in capital for even the most ordinary picture.
In
1997 , MGM bought
John Kluge 's collection of film properties (
Orion Pictures ,
The Samuel Goldwyn Company - or Goldwyn Entertainment Company - and the
Motion Picture Corporation Of America ), substantially enlarging its catalog. This catalog, along with the
James Bond franchise, was considered to be MGM's primary asset. In the same year, the series,
Stargate SG-1 , was released, being owned by MGM.
Until 2001, MGM severed ties with UIP (
United International Pictures ) a joint venture between MGM, Universal Pictures and Paramount Pictures. In January
2001 , MGM began distributing films internationally through
20th Century Fox .
Many of MGM's competitors started to make bids to purchase the studio, beginning with
Time Warner . It was not unexpected that Time Warner would bid, since the largest shareholder in the company was Ted Turner. His
Turner Entertainment group had risen to success in part through its ownership of the pre-1986 MGM library. After a short period of negotiation with MGM, Time Warner was unsuccessful.
The leading bidder, though, proved to be
Sony Corporation Of America , backed by Comcast and
Venture Capital bankers
Texas Pacific Group (now TPG Capital, L.P.) and
Providence Equity Partners . Sony's primary goal was to ensure
Blu-Ray support at MGM; cost synergies with
Sony Pictures Entertainment were secondary. Time Warner made a counter-bid (which Ted Turner reportedly tried to block), but on
September 13 ,
2004 , Sony increased its bid of
$ 11.25/share (roughly $4.7 billion) to $12/share ($5 billion), and Time Warner subsequently withdrew its bid of $11/share ($4.5 billion).
MGM and Sony agreed on a purchase price of nearly $5 billion, of which about $2 billion was to pay off MGM debt
[http://www.reuters.co.uk/newsPackageArticle.jhtml?type=businessNews&storyID=582625§ion=finance . Since 2005, the
Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group has domestically distributed films by MGM and UA
MGM announced that it would return as a theatrical distribution company. MGM negotiated and struck deals with
The Weinstein Company ,
Lakeshore Entertainment , Bauer Martinez, and many other independent studios, and then announced its plans to release 14 feature films for 2006 and early
2007 . MGM also hoped to increase the amount to over 20 by
2007 .
''
Lucky Number Slevin '', released
April 7 , is the first film to be released under the ''new MGM era''. It also distributed ''
Breaking And Entering '' with
Miramax Films and The Weinstein Company. Other recent films under the MGM/Weinstein deal include ''
Clerks II '' and ''
Bobby ''. Upon the MGM/Weinstein films' release on home video, however, full distribution rights revert to Weinstein (under
Genius Products ).
On
2006
MGM also announced plans to restructure its worldwide television distribution operation.
1 In addition MGM signed a deal with
New Line Television in which MGM would handle New Line's U.S. film and series television syndication packages. MGM will also serve as New Line's barter sales rep in the television arena for the next two years.
2
On
November 2 , producer/actor
Tom Cruise and his production partner,
Paula Wagner , signed an agreement with MGM to run United Artists. Wagner will serve as United Artists' chief executive. Cruise will produce and star in films for UA and MGM will distribute the movies.
In April, it was announced that MGM movies will be able to be downloaded through iTunes. MGM is bringing an estimated 100 of its existing movies to Apple’s iTunes service, the California-based computer company revealed. And those movies will include the likes of modern classics such as Rocky, Ronin, Mad Max, and Dances with Wolves, along with more golden classics such as Lilies of the Field and The Great Train Robbery.
MGM brings classic movies to iTunes . Google news,
April 12 ,
2007 .
MGM stops to produce and fund its own products, most of which will be distributed by MGM domestically and 20th Century Fox internationally, while others will be distributed via Columbia TriStar or Sony. Current films include ''
Casino Royale '' (the latest in a long line of James Bond films) and ''
Rocky Balboa '', part of the famed "
Rocky " series.
The studio owns the distribution rights to a live-action film version of ''
The Hobbit '', which is being planned for production with
New Line Cinema (this is due to MGM's UA division acquiring the rights to and producing an earlier animated version of
''The Lord Of The Rings'' , though that film is now owned by Warner Bros.). MGM has also announced that it will continue to work on sequels for ''Casino Royale'', ''
The Pink Panther '' and ''
The Thomas Crown Affair ''.
As of the present day,
Turner Entertainment Co. owns the rights to the pre-1986 MGM film library. MGM itself owns nearly all of its own post-1986 library, most of the post-1952 United Artists catalog (although it also includes a tiny fraction of pre-1952 UA material), a majority of the Orion Pictures film and television library (which includes material from predecessors
American International Pictures ,
Heatter-Quigley Productions , and
Filmways ) and the pre-1997 Samuel Goldwyn library.
The studio also owns the theatrical rights to most of the
Granada International catalog, including their inherited
ITC Entertainment (''
The Return Of The Pink Panther '', ''
Capricorn One '', ''
On Golden Pond '', etc.) library, the
Cannon Films library (''
King Solomon's Mines '', ''
That Championship Season '', etc.) and the "Epic Productions" library catalogs.
The Epic Productions library alone includes most of the pre-1996
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment library, selected Nelson Entertainment (including the pre-Turner-merger
Castle Rock Entertainment library with the exception of co-productions with
Columbia Pictures ) and
Embassy Pictures properties (with the exception of two films co-produced and co-distributed by Columbia), and those of other smaller defunct studios, including
Atlantic Releasing Corporation , Scotti Bros. Pictures and
Hemdale Film Corporation - itself incorporated into the Orion library.
See Also: List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
