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The M14 rifle (more formally the '''United States Rifle, Caliber 7.62 mm, M14''') is an American Selective Fire Battle Rifle firing 7.62 × 51 Mm NATO Ammunition . Although largely superseded in military use by the M16 Rifle , it remains in limited front line service with the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Navy . The M14 also provides the basis for the M21 and XM25 Sniper Rifle s (not to be confused with the XM25 Grenade Launcher ) . HISTORY The M14 was developed from a long line of experimental weapons based upon the M1 Garand . Although the Garand was one of the most advanced Infantry Rifle s of the 1940s, it was not a perfect weapon. Modifications were beginning to be made to the basic M1 rifle's design since the twilight of the Second World War . Modifications included adding a Fully Automatic firing capability and replacing the 8-round "en bloc" Clip s with a detachable box Magazine holding 20 rounds. Winchester, Remington, and Springfield Armory 's own John Garand offered different conversion designs. Garand's design, the T20, was the most popular, and T20 prototypes served as the basis for a number of Springfield test rifles from 1945 through the early 1950s. Earle Harvey of Springfield Armory designed a completely different rifle, the T25, for the new .30 Light Rifle Cartridge . The latter was based upon .30-06 cartridge case cut down to the length of the .300 Savage cartridge. The .30 Light Rifle eventually evolved into the 7.62 × 51 Mm NATO and the commercial .308 Winchester round. In the background, Lloyd Corbett was tasked with developing .30 Light Rifle conversions for the M1 rifle and later the T20 prototypes. After a series of prototype designs, the T44 surfaced. The earliest T44 prototypes used the T20 receivers rebarreled for 7.62 mm NATO, and replaced the long operating rod/piston of the M1 with the T25's shorter "gas expansion and cut-off" system. Later T44 prototypes used newly fabricated receivers shorter than either the M1 or T20; the new action's length was matched to the shorter 7.62 mm NATO cartridge instead of the longer .30-06. The T44 competed successfully against the T47 (a modified T25) and the FN FAL (T48). This led to the T44's adoption by the U.S. military as the M14 in 1957. Springfield Armory began tooling a new production line in 1958 and delivered the first service rifles to the U.S. Army in July 1959. However, long production delays resulted in the 101st Airborne Division being the only unit in the Army fully equipped with the M14 by the end of 1961. The Fleet Marine Force finally completed the change from M1 Garand to M14 in late 1962. The rifle served adequately during its brief tour of duty in Vietnam . Though it was unwieldy in the thick brush due to its length and weight, the power of the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge allowed it to penetrate cover quite well and reach out to extended range, developing more than 2,400 Ft·lb''f'' (3,250 J ) of muzzle energy. However, there were several drawbacks to the M14. The traditional wood Stock of the rifle had a tendency to swell and expand in the heavy moisture of the jungle, adversely affecting accuracy. Fiberglass stocks were produced to resolve this problem, and the rifle was muzzle heavy, however, the rifle was discontinued before they could be distributed for field use. Also, because of the M14's powerful 7.62 × 51 mm cartridge, the weapon was virtually uncontrollable in fully automatic mode. The M14 was developed as a means of taking the place of four different weapons systems — the M1 Garand , the M1 Carbine , the M3 "Grease Gun" and the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR). It was thought that in this manner the M14 could simplify the logistical requirements of the troops if it took the place of four weapons. Although it proved to be an impossible task to replace all four, the weapon excelled as a replacement for the M1 rifle, fixing many of the previous rifle's shortcomings. The cartridge was too powerful for the SMG role and the weapon was simply too light to provide as a Light Machine Gun replacement for the BAR. The M60 Machine Gun better served this task. The M14 remained the primary infantry weapon in Vietnam until it was replaced by the M16 in 1966–1968. The M16 was ordered as a replacement for the M14 by direction of Secretary Of Defense Robert McNamara , over the objection of Army officers who had backed the M14. Though production of the M14 was officially discontinued, some disgruntled troops still managed to hang on to them while deriding the M16 as a frail and underpowered " Mattel toy" or "poodle shooter". The early M16 also suffered from reliability problems which tarnished its reputation long after these were corrected. After the corrections were made soldiers on the ground nicknamed the M-16 the "the sweet sixteen". In January 1968 the U.S. Army designated the M16 as the "Standard A" rifle, and the M14 became a "Limited Standard" weapon. The M-14 rifle remained the standard rifle for US Army Basic Training until 1970. The U.S. Army also converted several M14s into the M21 Sniper Rifle , which remained standard issue for this purpose until the adoption of the M24 SWS in 1988 . ''(see M21 Rifle for more details)'' Uses of M14 in U.S. service since M16 replacement Although the M14 was phased out as the standard-issue rifle in the sixties, M14 variants are still used by various branches of the US Military as well as other armed forces, especially as a sniper rifle and/or a Designated Marksman Rifle , due to its excellent accuracy and effectiveness at long range. The Army M21 sniper rifle is in use in units of the Joint Readiness Training Center . Few M14s were in use in the Army until the Afghanistan and Iraq War s. Since the start of these conflicts, many M14s have been employed as designated marksman and sniper rifles. These are not M21 Rifles , but original production M14. Common modifications include scopes, fiberglass stocks, and other accessories. Some units of the chose a new rifle for DM use, an M14 modified by the Precision Weapons Shop in Marine Corps Base Quantico called the Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR). It is intended for use by security teams ( SRTs , FAST Companies ), and USMC Scout Sniper s in the cases where a semi-automatic rifle would be more appropriate than the standard bolt-action M40A1/A3 rifle. ''(see U.S. Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle for more details)''. The USMC Rifle Team uses the M14 in shooting competitions. (DMR) in action during a training exercise]] The 1st Battalion of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment ( The Old Guard ) in the Military District Of Washington is the sole remaining regular United States Army combat field unit where the M14 is still issued as the standard rifle, along with a chromed bayonet and an extra wooden stock with white sling for Military Funeral s, parades, and other ceremonies. The United States Air Force Honor Guard and Base Honor Guards also use the M14 for 3-volley Salute s in military funerals. It is also the drill and parade rifle of the United States Naval Academy , United States Air Force Academy , The Citadel , Norwich University , Virginia Military Institute and North Georgia College And State University . Various Special Operations Forces (SOF) still use M14 variants, notably the Navy SEALs , who have used the M14 as an infantry, marksman and sniper rifle. At the outbreak of the , developed by the Special Forces . These sniper variants have probably been replaced by the Mk 11 Mod 0 , selected in 2000 . SEALs also use the Mk 14 Mod 0 EBR (Enhanced Battle Rifle) for close-quarters battle and in a designated marksman role. .]] Although a very secretive unit, the "'', the well-known account of the Battle Of Mogadishu , at least one of the "D-Boys", Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart , used an M14 for sniping from helicopters to provide support fire to ground troops. His M14 was probably fitted with an Aimpoint 3000 sight. The Special Forces ("Green berets") have made some use of the XM25 "spotter rifle". The XM25 was developed in the late 1980s within the 10th Special Forces Group , which was charged to support Special Forces sniper weapons as well as the Special Operations Target Interdiction Course (SOTIC). The XM25 was first planned as a replacement for the old M21, but after the Army adoption of the M24 SWS as its standard sniper rifle, the M25 was intended to be used by spotters of the sniper teams, while the snipers would use the bolt-action M24. Tests had shown that the M24 and M25 have the same precision when using the same M118 ammunitions. ''(see the M25 page for more details)'' The commercial, Semi-automatic -only version available to the general public is sold by Springfield Armory, Inc. of Geneseo, IL and other manufacturers as the M1A , M14S, and other model names. Though the M14 has many advocates, it also holds the dubious distinction of serving as the standard infantry rifle of the U.S. Army for a shorter span of time than any other weapon. M14 production tooling was sold in 1967 to the Taiwanese, who in 1968 began producing their Type 57 Rifle. The State Arsenal of the Republic of China produced approximately 1,000,000 of these rifles from 1969 to the late 1980s. The Philippine government issues M14 rifles, together with M1 carbines, M1 Garands and M16s, to their civilian defense forces, including the Civilian Auxiliary Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU) and Civilian Volunteer Organization (CVO). PRODUCTION Standard service rifles were produced from 1959 to 1964.
The purpose-built National Match version was produced in 1962 and 1963 by Springfield Armory, and in 1964 by TRW. Springfield Armory upgraded a number of service-grade rifles in 1965 and 1966 to National Match specifications. Upgrading was also carried out in 1967 at the Rock Island Arsenal . These M14 variants are to this day capable of extreme long-range accuracy. Springfield and TRW delivered more than 11,000 National Match rifles in the 1962–1964 period. Roughly 8,000 service rifles were modified to NM standards during 1965–1967. VARIANTS AND RELATED DESIGNS Military M15 See Also: M15 rifle
M14E1
M14E2/M14A1
M14 SMUD
Mk 14 Mod 0 EBR See Also: United States Navy Mark 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle
DMR See Also: U.S. Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle
Commercial M14K
TYPES OF SIGHTS
RIFLE DESIGN Receiver markings Stamped into receiver heel:
Stock The M14 rifle was first furnished with a walnut stock, then with birch and finally with a synthetic stock. Original equipment walnut and birch stocks carry the Department of Defense acceptance stamp or cartouche (an arc of three stars above a spread-winged eagle). These stocks also carried a proof stamp, a P within a circle, applied after successful test-firing. Rifles manufactured through late 1960 were provided with walnut handguards. Thereafter synthetic, slotted (ventilated) hand guards were furnished but proved too fragile for military use. These were replaced by the solid synthetic part still in use, usually in dark brown, black or a camouflage pattern. Rifling Right-hand Twist , 1:12 inches, 4 grooves Accessories
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