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Leningrad Oblast (, ''Leningradskaya oblast'') is a Federal Subject of Russia (an Oblast ) according to the 1993 Constitution Of The Russian Federation , established in 1927 (although it wasn't until 1945 that its borders had been mostly settled in their present position) and named after the city of Leningrad A previous name of Saint Petersburg in 1924–1991 in honor of Vladimir Lenin ). Leningrad Oblast retained its name in 1991 after a referendum, while its namesake city was renamed back to Saint Petersburg. It is included within the Northwestern Federal District established in 2000. The administrative center of the oblast is Saint Petersburg , itself a separate federal subject. The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov . Since 1999 he has been succeeded by Valery Serdyukov . Leningrad Oblast is bordered by in the northeast, Vologda Oblast in the east, Novgorod Oblast in the south, Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg it surrounds. The oblast has an area of 84,500 km&2 and a population 1,669,205 (as of the 2002 Census ). The fraction of urban population is 66.4%. The most populous town of the oblast is Gatchina , with 88,659 inhabitants. HISTORY The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast was populated shortly after the end of the Weichsel Glaciation and hosts numerous archaeological remnants.Лапшин В. А. ''Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 1: Западные районы''. Leningrad, 1990.Лапшин В. А. ''Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 2: Восточные и северные районы''. Saint Petersburg: Изд. СПбГУ, 1995. ISBN 5874030522.Лебедев Г. С. ''Археологические памятники Ленинградской области''. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1977. The Volga Trade Route and Trade Route From The Varangians To The Greeks crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga , the first capital of legendary Rurik , founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the River Volkhov . In the 12th-15th century the territory was divided between the Kingdom Of Sweden and Novgorod Republic (see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars ) and mostly populated by Karelians (northwest), Izhorians and Votes (west), Veps (east) and Novgorodian East Slavs (south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries the border moved back and forth over the land. The central part of the territory is known as the historical region of Ingria and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was once again gained by Sweden with the Treaty Of Stolbovo of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia (which included Karelian Isthmus , the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia . Ingrian Finns soon became the dominant ethnic group. During the Great Northern War (1700-1721) the territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured from Sweden by Russia under Peter I , who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became the capital of the Russian Empire . In 1708 most of the territory was organized into the Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov . It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (Borders of the governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast). In 1721 the territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty Of Nystad . The life of the province was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719-1810, Ladoga Canal was dug between the River Svir and the River Neva as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga . Since the advent of the rail transport in the late 19th century, the vicinity of Saint Petersburg has been a popular summer resort ( Dacha ) place for its residents. In 1914 the governorate was renamed Petrograd Governorate after its namesake city. In 1918 the capital was transferred from Petrograd (how Saint Petersburg came to be named in 1914) to Moscow. In 1918-1920 Ingrian Finns of North Ingria attempted to secede, but were incorporated back with the Treaty of Tartu. In 1924 the governorate was renamed to Leningrad Governorate, again after its namesake city. In 1927 Leningrad Oblast was created as a discontinuous merger of the Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Cherepovets and Murmansk Governorates, corresponding to the territories of modern Leningrad Oblast, Saint Petersburg, Murmansk Oblast , Novgorod Oblast , Pskov Oblast and parts of Vologda Oblast . Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in 1931. Starting from the 1930s, the Soviet authorities caried out Mass Forced Transfer of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the centurty, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. Vologda Oblast , which includes the former Cherepovets Governorate, was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast was excluded from Leningrad Oblast in 1938. On November 30, 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighboring Finland and with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including Karelian Isthmus . Their Karelian population was Hastly Evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast in 1940, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish SSR . In 1941 Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the Operation Barbarossa , and the territory became place of the Battle Of Leningrad . Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast, while Finnish troops recaptured the ceded territories in the Continuation War , encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 a Soviet offensive managed to expell Wehrmacht and Put Military Pressure on Finland, which ceded Karelian Isthmus again with the Moscow Armistice of September 19 1944 . This time most of the isthmus was incorporated within Leningrad Oblast ( Vyborgsky and Priozersky District s). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty . In 1944 Novgorod and Pskov Oblast s were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast. In January 1945 a small part of the Estonian SSR to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast hasn't changed much, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. GEOGRAPHY Time zone Leningrad Oblast is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD). ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS See Also: Administrative divisions of Leningrad Oblast DEMOGRAPHICS ''Population'': (2002) 1,669,205. ''Ethnic groups'': According to the ( 2002 Census ) there were thirteen recognised ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each; the 'national composition' was • Russian 89.58% • Ukrainian 2.51% • Belarusians 1.70% • Tatar 0.57% • Finnish 0.48% • Armenian 0.33% • Roma 0.27 • Azeri 0.23% • Chuvash 0.17% • German 0.14% • Mordvin 0.13% • Karelian 0.12% • Vep 0.12% • Moldovan 0.12% • Jewish 0.10% • Polish 0.10% • Georgian 0.09% • Estonian 0.08% • Bashkir 0.07% • Korean 0.06% • Uzbek 0.06% • Mari 0.06% • Udmurt 0.06% • Tajik 0.05% • Kazakh 0.05% and many other ethnic groups of less than eight hundred persons each. • A further 2.34% of residents declined to state their nationality on the census questionnaire.1 TWIN REGIONS SEE ALSO REFERENCES FURTHER READING Nature
History
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