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Legalism, in Christian Theology , is a pejorative term referring to an improper fixation on law or codes of conduct, or legal ideas, usually implying an allegation of misguided rigor, pride, superficiality, the neglect of mercy, and ignorance of the Grace Of God . Legalism is alleged against any view that law, not faith in God's grace, is the pre-eminent principle of redemption. Its opposite error is Antinomianism , which is alleged against a view that Moral Laws are not binding. IN THE NEW TESTAMENT The difference between genuine obedience, as opposed to legalism, is a theme of the prophets (e.g. Amos4:4-5; Isa.1:11-16; Malachi 1-3) and is a central focus of the New Testament. Jesus directed some of his harshest words at the Pharisee s and their accompanying " Scribes " and " Lawyers ," the guardians of the Ritual Law of Judaism . Matthew 23 is just one of the several sermons Jesus preached against them. The gravamen of Jesus' charge against the Pharisees was that they did, in fact, scrupulously follow the ritual laws of Judaism, but their scrupulousness did not make them more charitable or lead to inner repentance. Jesus also said that "except your - KJV translation) Jesus sought to call his followers to a more inward form of obedience, in which righteous acts stemmed from an inward love of God , rather than a desire to please others, to seem holy in their eyes, or for a fear of temporal or divine retribution. Some have said that this teaching resembles the teachings of some strains of Judaism from the period immediately preceding Jesus, and in particular the teachings of the Rabbi Hillel The Elder . The Talmud discusses the internal struggle humans feel when they decide between doing evil or doing good. It concludes that it is better to do good out of love for a heavenly master than out of fear of one. It also says that doing good for its own sake is better than doing good to seek heavenly reward or avoid heavenly punishment. In both instances the sages realized that no person can live up to the ideal all the time. As long as someone had good actions, the heavenly courts would forgive imperfect emotions. The tension continues in the , i.e. Legalism. On the other hand, his writings also contain frequent statements to the effect that those who commit a list of sins "shall not inherit the kingdom of God" (E.g. , ), leading to conclusions like . Paul, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", at times seems opposed to the Jerusalem Church of James, John and Peter which has led some to conclude that Pauline Christianity was different from the Christianity of the Jerusalem Church which is sometimes called Jewish Christianity . For example, see . IN LATER CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY In Protestant , Evangelical , Christian Theology , especially in popular versions of the same, the charge of legalism is an accusation of ignorance of the Christian Gospel , or of unbelief. In that context, to apply the criticism of legalism to a theological position or religious attitude, implies that the accused has over-turned the Gospel of Salvation through Faith and new life in Jesus Christ, and has substituted some principle of personal Merit or ritual purity for the unearned Grace of God. The and Augustine Of Hippo . Anselm formally developed the theory that the legal problem of guilt before the Law, required the legal solution of retribution, in order to achieve a just salvation. The solution was for God's son Jesus to willingly die on the Cross in place of humanity, thus allowing the legal penalty to be fully carried out, satisfying the justice of God, and thus clearing the way for mercy to be shown to sinners. The Eastern Orthodox charge that this theory is too dependent upon Roman legal concepts of retribution and justice. In Roman Catholicism , good works are done in service to God and one's neighbor by faith working through love. In contrast, an excess of severity in the imposition of, or overly-scrupulous conformity to any rule of piety, may be charged with legalism. Throughout the History Of Christianity , certain beliefs and practices have tended to draw charges of legalism. These include:
Several underlying dynamics appear in these controversies. The permitted scope of Veneration of material objects, versus claims that such veneration is Idolatry , affects the perceived sanctity of ritual spaces and objects, and therefore of the rituals and customs themselves. Teachings about the authority of the church, the sources of legitimacy of that authority, and the role of Clergy versus the Priesthood Of All Believers , also affect these debates. Related to these disagreements are debates concerning the authority of the Bible, and whether it is to be interpreted literally or more freely. REFERENCES
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