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Kalimantan is the Indonesian name for the island known to the rest of the world as "Borneo". Thus, for outsider the meaning of "Kalimantan" is simply the Indonesia n part of the Island of Borneo , which occupies the central and southern regions of the island. The Indonesian Kalimantan is bordered to the north by the Malaysia n states of Sarawak and Sabah . "Borneo" is a word created by the westerners from "Brunei", while the natives have always call the island "Kalimantan". In his correspondence with the Dutch residency in 1857, Prince Tamjidillah of Banjar Kingdom mentioned about Kalimantan island and not Borneo island. This shows that for the locals the name Kalimantan is more popular than Borneo, the name used by the Dutch in their administrative. ETYMOLOGY There are some theories about the origin of the word "Kalimantan". The first one, "Borneo" is a word derived from "Brunei" of the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam which was a big kingdom back then, with its territories including Sarawak and a part of Sabah (because some part belonged to the sulatanate of Sulu-Mindanao). The Portuguese merchants called the island "Borneo" and the name is popular among Europeans. But the natives call the island with "Pulo Klemantan" (Klemantan Island. The second theory, according to Crowfurd in the Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Island (1856), the word "Kalimantan" is a kind of mango which made Kalimantan as an island of mangoes but he added that that word has inclination toward fairy tale and was not popular. The third theory according to Dr. B. Ch. Chhabra in M.B.R.A.S journal vol.XV part 3 page 79, citing the ancient Indian folkway of naming an island according to its natural resources in Sanskrit, thus with that analogy the name of the island is Amra-dvipa or mango island. The fourth theory according to C. Hose and MacDougall citing that Kalimantan comprises of 6 native tribes which are Sea Dayak (Iban), Kayan, Kenyah, Klemantan, Munut and Punan. In his naration "Natural Man, a record from Borneo" (1926), C. Hose explained that "Klemantan" is a new name used by the Malay. The fifth theory according to W.H. Treacher in British Borneo in M.B.R.A.S journal (1889), wild mangoes was not well known in the northern Kalimantan. Furthermore, Borneo was never known as mango-producing island, instead Kalimantan could derive from its reputation as Sago island, because raw sago is known as "Lamantah" in native tongue. The sixth theory according to Prof. Dr. Slamet Muljana in his book "Sriwijaya" (LKIS 2006), the word Kalimantan was not an original Malay word but it is a loan word from Sanskrit. In Sanskrit, Kalamanthana means an island with air so hot it's burning. ADMINISTRATION The Indonesian Kalimantan is divided into four Provinces :
DEMOGRAPHICS The indigenous populations of Kalimantan are divided into Dayaks , Malays (particularly in West Kalimantan and along coastal lines), and Banjarese-Malay (in South Kalimantan ). There are also many migrants from other parts of the region such as Buginese , Javanese , Madurese , and Chinese who are concentrated in West Kalimantan . There was a war in the region between the indigenous Dayak s and Madurese immigrants, who were moved here as part of a government Transmigration Program that operated, in various forms, from 1905 until 2001 . The Dayak fighters are known for their ferocious tactics, such as the beheading and mutilation of their victims. In the past, Dayak s who converted to Islam were considered Malay or Banjar . They then moved from their ancestral homeland into the country, mainly near rivers. One of the groups is called "Senganan", and they live along the Kapuas river in Sanggau , West Kalimantan . Recently, however, there is an increasing pride among Muslims of Dayak descendants to consider themselves Dayak again. The Dayak s whose religion is mainly Islam , and who retained their Dayak identity, are Bakumpai who can be found in South Kalimantan and along the Mahakam River , East Kalimantan , as well as Lamandau in Central Kalimantan . East Kalimantan, as well as Lamandau in Central Kalimantan. HISTORY In the 15th century, Kalimantan was seized by Majapahit . Princess Junjung Buih, the queen of the Hindu kingdom of '''Negara Dipa''' (situated in Candi Agung area of Amuntai ) married a Javanese prince, '''Prince Suryanata''', and together they ruled the kingdom which is a tributary to the Majapahit Empire (1365). In this way, it became a part of Nusantara . Along the way, the power of Negara Dipa weakened and was replaced by the new court of '''Negara Daha'''. When Prince Samudra (Prince Suriansyah) of Negara Daha converted to Islam and formed the Islamic kingdom of '''Banjar''', it inherited some of the areas previously owned by the Hindu kingdom of Negara Daha. By the 18th century, the area from Sambas to Berau was tributaries to the Banjar Kingdom, but this eventually shrunk to the size of what is now South Kalimantan as a result to agreements with the Dutch. In the Karang Intan Agreement during the reign of '''Prince Nata Dilaga (Susuhunan Nata Alam)'''(1808-1825), the Banjar Kingdom gave up its territories to the Dutch Indies which includes Bulungan, Kutai, Pasir, Pagatan and Kotawaringin. Other territories given up to the Dutch Indies are Landak, Sambas, Sintang and Sukadana. Moreover in the 19th century, the dutch admitted the founding of district kingdoms with native leaders who were under the power of the dutch (Indirect Bestuur). The dutch assign a resident to head their rule over Kalimantan. List of the residents and governors of Kalimantan: # C.A. Kroesen (1898), resident # C.J. Van Kempen (1924), resident # J. De Haan (1924-1929), resident # R. Koppenel (1929-1931), resident # W.G. Morggeustrom (1933-1937), resident # Dr. A. Haga (1938-1942), governor # Pangeran Musa Ardi Kesuma (1942-1945), Ridzie # Ir. Pangeran Muhammad Noor (1945), governor Since 1938, Dutch-Borneo (Kalimantan) was one administrative territory under a governor (Governor Haga) whose seat was in Banjarmasin . In 1957 following the independence of Indonesia, Kalimantan was divided into 3 provinces which is South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and West Kalimantan. The province of Central Kalimantan separated from South Kalimantan to have their own territory in 1958. The Indonesian Confrontation was a border conflict over the disputed island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962 - 1966 . EXTERNAL LINKS
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