| Information
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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Red_Ribbonsvg
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The Red Ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS
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120
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5938
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000594
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emerg
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253
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D000163
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Marx, J L title=New disease baffles medical community
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Science year=1982 pages=618&ndash621 volume=217 issue=4560 id=
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Divisions Of HIV/AIDS Prevention
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Centers For Disease Control & Prevention year= 2003
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http://wwwcdcgov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmissionhtm
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HIV and Its Transmission
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2006-05-23
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San Francisco AIDS Foundation
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2006-04-14
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http://wwwsfaforg/aids101/transmissionhtml
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How HIV is spread accessdate = 2006-05-23
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Most researchers believe that HIV originated in
Sub-Saharan Africa during the
Twentieth Century ;
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Gao, F, Bailes, E, Robertson, D L, Chen, Y, Rodenburg, C M, Michael, S F, Cummins, L B, Arthur, L O, Peeters, M, Shaw, G M, Sharp, P M and Hahn, B H
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Origin of HIV-1 in the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
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Nature
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1999
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436&ndash441
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397
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6718
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UNAIDS
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2006
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2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic
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Overview of the global AIDS epidemic
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http://dataunaidsorg/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH02_enpdf
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2006-06-08
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PDF
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Palella, F J Jr, Delaney, K M, Moorman, A C, Loveless, M O, Fuhrer, J, Satten, G A, Aschman and D J, Holmberg, S D
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Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
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N Engl J Med year=1998 pages=853&ndash860 volume=338 issue=13
|
of HIV-1 budding from cultured
Lymphocyte .]]
AIDS is the most severe acceleration of
Infection with HIV. HIV is a
Retrovirus that primarily infects vital organs of the human
Immune System such as
CD4+ T Cells (a subset of
T Cell s),
Macrophage s and
Dendritic Cell s. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4
+ T cells. CD4
+ T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system. When HIV kills CD4
+ T cells so that there are fewer than 200 CD4
+ T cells per
Microliter (µL) of
Blood ,
Cellular Immunity is lost, leading to the condition known as AIDS.
Acute HIV infection progresses over time to clinical latent HIV infection and then to early
Symptomatic HIV infection and later to AIDS, which is identified on the basis of the amount of CD4
+ T cells in the blood and the presence of certain infections.
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Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B, Okongo, J M, Lubega, R and Whitworth, J A
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HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries
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AIDS year=2002 pages=597&ndash632 volume=16 issue=4 id=
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Clerici, M, Balotta, C, Meroni, L, Ferrario, E, Riva, C, Trabattoni, D, Ridolfo, A, Villa, M, Shearer, GM, Moroni, M and Galli, M
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Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term non progression in HIV infection
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AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses year=1996 pages=1053&ndash1061 volume=12 issue=11
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Morgan, D, Mahe, C, Mayanja, B and Whitworth, J A
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Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study
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BMJ year=2002 pages=193&ndash196 volume=324 issue=7331
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Gendelman, H E, Phelps, W, Feigenbaum, L, Ostrove, J M, Adachi, A, Howley, P M, Khoury, G, Ginsberg, H S and Martin, M A
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Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences by DNA viruses
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A year=1986 pages=9759&ndash9763 volume=83 issue=24
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Bentwich, Z, Kalinkovich, A and Weisman, Z
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Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS
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Immunol Today year=1995 pages=187&ndash191 volume=16 issue=4
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Tang, J and Kaslow, R A
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The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
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AIDS year=2003 pages=S51&ndashS60 volume=17 issue=Suppl 4
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Quiñones-Mateu, M E, Mas, A, Lain de Lera, T, Soriano, V, Alcami, J, Lederman, M M and Domingo, E
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LTR and tat variability of HIV-1 isolates from patients with divergent rates of disease progression
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Virus Research year=1998 pages=11&ndash20 volume=57 issue=1
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Campbell, G R, Pasquier, E, Watkins, J, Bourgarel-Rey, V, Peyrot, V, Esquieu, D, Barbier, P, de Mareuil, J, Braguer, D, Kaleebu, P, Yirrell, D L and Loret E P
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The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis
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J Biol Chem year=2004 pages=48197&ndash48204 volume=279 issue=46
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Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, Yirrell D, Watera C, Lyagoba F, Nakiyingi J, Rutebemberwa A, Morgan D, Weber J, Gilks C, Whitworth J title=Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda journal=J Infect Dis year=2002 pages=1244&ndash1250 volume=185 issue=9
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Since
June 5 ,
1981 , many definitions have been developed for
Epidemiological surveillance such as the
Bangui Definition and the
1994 Expanded World Health Organization AIDS Case Definition . However, clinical staging of patients was not an intended use for these systems as they are neither sensitive, nor specific. In developing countries, the
World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease, using clinical and laboratory data, is used and in developed countries, the
Centers For Disease Control (CDC) Classification System is used.
See Also: WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease
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World Health Organization
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Interim proposal for a WHO staging system for HIV infection and disease
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WHO Wkly Epidem Rec year=1990 pages=221&ndash228 volume=65 issue=29
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See Also: CDC Classification System for HIV Infection
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Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
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Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep year=1982 pages=249&ndash251 volume=31 issue=19
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Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) journal=Science year=1983 pages=868–871 volume=220 issue=4599 id= format=
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Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
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Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep year=1982 pages=353&ndash354 360&ndash361 volume=31 issue=26
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Altman, LK
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'New homosexual disorder worries officials'
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New York Times date=1982-05-11 pages=
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Kher, U
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A Name for the Plague
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Time date=1982-07-27 url=http://wwwtimecom/time/80days/820727html
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Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
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Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep year=1982 pages=507&ndash508 513&ndash514 volume=31 issue=37
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CDC publisher=CDC year=1992
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http://wwwcdcgov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871htm
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1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults
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2006-02-09
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See Also: HIV test
Many people are unaware that they are infected with HIV.
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Holmes, C B, Losina, E, Walensky, R P, Yazdanpanah, Y, Freedberg, K A
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Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa
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Clin Infect Dis year=2003 pages=656&ndash662 volume=36 issue=5
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Guss, D A
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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1
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J Emerg Med year=1994 pages=375&ndash384 volume=12 issue=3
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Guss, D A
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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 2
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J Emerg Med year=1994 pages=491&ndash497 volume=12 issue=4
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Schneider, M F, Gange, S J, Williams, C M, Anastos, K, Greenblatt, R M, Kingsley, L, Detels, R, and Munoz, A
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Patterns of the hazard of death after AIDS through the evolution of antiretroviral therapy: 1984&ndash2004
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AIDS year=2005 pages=2009&ndash2018 volume=19 issue=17
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Lawn, S D
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AIDS in Africa: the impact of coinfections on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection
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J Infect Dis year=2004 pages=1&ndash12 volume=48 issue=1
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Campbell, G R, Watkins, J D, Esquieu, D, Pasquier, E, Loret, E P and Spector, S A
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The C terminus of HIV-1 Tat modulates the extent of CD178-mediated apoptosis of T cells
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J Biol Chem year=2005 pages=38376&ndash39382 volume=280 issue=46
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Senkaali, D, Muwonge, R, Morgan, D, Yirrell, D, Whitworth, J and Kaleebu, P
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The relationship between HIV type 1 disease progression and V3 serotype in a rural Ugandan cohort
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AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses year=2005 pages=932&ndash937 volume=20 issue=9
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Feldman, C
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Pneumonia associated with HIV infection
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Curr Opin Infect Dis year=2005 pages=165&ndash170 volume=18 issue=2
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Decker, C F and Lazarus, A
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Tuberculosis and HIV infection How to safely treat both disorders concurrently
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Postgrad Med year=2000 pages=57&ndash60, 65&ndash68 volume=108 issue=2
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Zaidi, S A and Cervia, J S
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Diagnosis and management of infectious esophagitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection
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J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill) year=2002 pages=53&ndash62 volume=1 issue=2
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Guerrant, R L, Hughes, J M, Lima, N L, Crane, J
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Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies
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Rev Infect Dis year=1990 pages=S41&ndashS50 volume=12 issue=Suppl 1
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Luft, B J and Chua, A
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Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis in HIV Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy
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Curr Infect Dis Rep year=2000 pages=358&ndash362 volume=2 issue=4
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Sadler, M and Nelson, M R
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV
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Int J STD AIDS year=1997 pages=351&ndash357 volume=8 issue=6
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Gray, F, Adle-Biassette, H, Chrétien, F, Lorin de la Grandmaison, G, Force, G, Keohane, C
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Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments
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Clin Neuropathol year=2001 pages=146&ndash155 volume=20 issue=4
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Grant, I, Sacktor, H, and McArthur, J
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2005
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The Neurology of AIDS
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HIV neurocognitive disorders
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http://wwwhnrcucsdedu/publications_pdf/2005grant1pdf
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| |
H E Gendelman, I Grant, I Everall, S A Lipton, and S Swindells (ed)
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2nd
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357&ndash373
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Oxford University Press
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London, UK
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PDF
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| |
ISBN 0-19-852610-5
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Satishchandra, P, Nalini, A, Gourie-Devi, M, Khanna, N, Santosh, V, Ravi, V, Desai, A, Chandramuki, A, Jayakumar, P N, and Shankar, S K
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| |
Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, South India (1989&ndash1996)
|
| |
Indian J Med Res year=2000 pages=14&ndash23 volume=11 issue=
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| |
Wadia, R S, Pujari, S N, Kothari, S, Udhar, M, Kulkarni, S, Bhagat, S, and Nanivadekar, A
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| |
Neurological manifestations of HIV disease
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| |
J Assoc Physicians India year=2001 pages=343&ndash348 volume=49 issue=
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| |
Boshoff, C and Weiss, R
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| |
AIDS-related malignancies
|
| |
Nat Rev Cancer year=2002 pages=373&ndash382 volume=2 issue=5
|
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| |
Yarchoan, R, Tosatom G and Littlem R F
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| |
Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies &mdash the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management
|
| |
Nat Clin Pract Oncol year=2005 pages=406&ndash415 volume=2 issue=8
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| |
Bonnet, F, Lewden, C, May, T, Heripret, L, Jougla, E, Bevilacqua, S, Costagliola, D, Salmon, D, Chene, G and Morlat, P
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| |
Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
|
| |
Cancer year=2004 pages=317&ndash324 volume=101 issue=2
|
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Skoulidis, F, Morgan, M S, and MacLeod, K M
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| |
Penicillium marneffei: a pathogen on our doorstep
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| |
J R Soc Med year=2004 pages=394&ndash396 volume=97 issue=2
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Donegan, E, Stuart, M, Niland, J C, Sacks, H S, Azen, S P, Dietrich, S L, Faucett, C, Fletcher, M A, Kleinman, S H, Operskalski, E A, ''et al'' title=Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations journal=Ann Intern Med year=1990 pages=733&ndash739 volume=113 issue=10
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Coovadia, H title=Antiretroviral agents&mdashhow best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS journal=N Engl J Med year=2004 pages=289&ndash292 volume=351 issue=3 id=
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Kaplan, E H and Heimer, R title=HIV incidence among New Haven needle exchange participants: updated estimates from syringe tracking and testing data journal=J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol year=1995 pages=175&ndash176 volume=10 issue=2
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| |
European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV title=Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples journal=BMJ year=1992 pages=809&ndash813 volume=304 issue=6830 id=
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Varghese, B, Maher, J E, Peterman, T A, Branson, B M and Steketee, R W title=Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use journal=Sex Transm Dis year=2002 pages=38&ndash43 volume=29 issue=1 id=
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Bell, D M title=Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview journal=Am J Med year=1997 pages=9&ndash15 volume=102 issue=5B id=
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Leynaert, B, Downs, A M and de Vincenzi, I title=Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: variability of infectivity throughout the course of infection European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV journal=Am J Epidemiol year=1998 pages=88&ndash96 volume=148 issue=1 id=
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Rothenberg, R B, Scarlett, M, del Rio, C, Reznik, D and O'Daniels, C
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| |
Oral transmission of HIV journal=AIDS year=1998 pages=2095&ndash2105 volume=12 issue=16
|
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| |
Mastro TD, de Vincenzi I
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| |
Probabilities of sexual HIV-1 transmission journal=AIDS year=1996 volume=10 pages=S75&ndashS82 issue=Suppl A id=
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World Health Organization publisher= year=2006
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| |
http://wwwwhoint/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/indexhtml
|
| |
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women
|
| |
2006-12-14
|
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Koenig, Michael et al
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| |
Coerced first intercourse and reproductive health among adolescent women in Rakai, Uganda journal=International Family Planning Perspectives year=2004 volume=30 pages=156 issue=4:156
|
| |
Laga, M, Nzila, N, Goeman, J
|
| |
The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa
|
| |
AIDS year=1991 pages=S55&ndashS63 volume=5 issue=Suppl 1
|
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| |
Tovanabutra, S, Robison, V, Wongtrakul, J, Sennum, S, Suriyanon, V, Kingkeow, D, Kawichai, S, Tanan, P, Duerr, A and Nelson, K E
|
| |
Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand
|
| |
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr year=2002 pages=275&ndash283 volume=29 issue=3
|
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| |
Sagar, M, Lavreys, L, Baeten, J M, Richardson, B A, Mandaliya, K, Ndinya-Achola, J O, Kreiss, J K, and Overbaugh, J
|
| |
Identification of modifiable factors that affect the genetic diversity of the transmitted HIV-1 population
|
| |
AIDS year=2004 pages=615&ndash619 volume=18 issue=4
|
| |
Lavreys, L, Baeten, J M, Martin, H L Jr, Overbaugh, J, Mandaliya, K, Ndinya-Achola, J, and Kreiss, J K
|
| |
Hormonal contraception and risk of HIV-1 acquisition: results of a 10-year prospective study
|
| |
AIDS year=2004 pages=695&ndash697 volume=18 issue=4
|
| |
Cayley, W E Jr
|
| |
Effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV
|
| |
Am Fam Physician year=2004 pages=1268&ndash1269 volume=70 issue=7
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| |
Catholic Church
|
| |
1997
|
| |
Catechism of the Catholic Church : Second Edition
|
| |
Offenses against chastity
|
| |
http://wwwscborromeoorg/ccc/p3s2c2a6htm#II
|
| |
2353
|
| |
Amministrazione Del Patrimonio Della Sede Apostolica
|
| |
Vatican
|
| |
2006-06-14
|
| |
Human Rights Watch
|
| |
2005
|
| |
The Less They Know, the Better
|
| |
Restrictions on Condoms
|
| |
http://hrworg/reports/2005/uganda0305/7htm#_Toc98378385
|
| |
Human Rights Watch
|
| |
New York NY
|
| |
No Authors Listed
|
| |
Study shows condom use does not promote promiscuity
|
| |
AIDS Policy Law year=1997 pages=6&ndash7 volume=12 issue=12
|
| |
Human Rights Watch publisher=Human Rights Watch year= 2002-09-02
|
| |
http://wwwhrworg/reports/2002/usa0902/USA0902-04htm
|
| |
Ignorance only: HIV/AIDS, Human rights and federally funded abstinence-only programs in the United States Texas: A case study
|
| |
2006-03-28
|
| |
Debra Hauser publisher= Advocates For Youth year=2004 format=PDF
|
| |
http://wwwadvocatesforyouthorg/publications/stateevaluationspdf
|
| |
Five Years of Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education: Assessing the Impact
|
| |
2006-06-07
|
| |
Durex publisher= year=
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| |
http://wwwdurexcom/cm/assets/SexEdDownloads/Module_5_condomsdoc
|
| |
Module 5/Guidelines for Educators
|
| |
Microsoft Word
|
| |
2006-04-17
|
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|
| |
PATH
|
| |
The female condom: significant potential for STI and pregnancy prevention
|
| |
Outlook year=2006 volume=22 issue=2
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| |
WHO publisher= year= August, 2003
|
| |
http://wwwwprowhoint/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_200308_Condomshtm
|
| |
Condom Facts and Figures
|
| |
2006-01-17
|
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| |
The Economist publisher= year=2005
|
| |
http://wwweconomistcom/opinion/displayStorycfmstory_id=4223619
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| |
Too much morality, too little sense
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| |
2006-03-28
|
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NIAID publisher= date=2006-12-13
|
| |
http://www3niaidnihgov/news/newsreleases/2006/AMC12_06htm
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| |
Adult Male Circumcision Significantly Reduces Risk of Acquiring HIV: Trials Kenya and Uganda Stopped Early
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| |
2006-12-15
|
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| |
Various publisher=Kaisernetworkorg year=2005 url=http://wwwkaisernetworkorg/daily_reports/rep_indexcfmDR_ID=31199 title=Repeated Use of Unsterilized Blades in Ritual Circumcision Might Contribute to HIV Spread in S Africa, Doctors Say accessdate = 2006-03-28
|
| |
Fan, H year = 2005
|
| |
AIDS: science and society chapter = chapterurl =
|
| |
Fan, H, Conner, R F and Villarreal, L P eds
|
| |
4th pages =
|
| |
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
|
| |
Boston, MA
|
| |
ISBN 0-7637-0086-X
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WHO publisher= year= 2003-03-17
|
| |
http://64233179104/searchq=cache:adH68_6JGG8J:tokyousembassygov//e/p/tp-20030317a3html+site:tokyousembassygov+HIV+healthcare+injection&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1
|
| |
WHO, UNAIDS Reaffirm HIV as a Sexually Transmitted Disease
|
| |
2006-01-17
|
| |
Physicians for Human Rights publisher=Partners in Health year= 2003-03-13
|
| |
http://wwwphrusaorg/campaigns/aids/who_031303html
|
| |
HIV Transmission in the Medical Setting: A White Paper by Physicians for Human Rights accessdate = 2006-03-01
|
| |
WHO publisher= year= 2001
|
| |
http://wwwwhoint/inf-pr-2000/en/pr2000-25html
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| |
Blood safetyfor too few
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| |
2006-01-17
|
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Sperling, R S, Shapirom D E, Coombsm R W, Todd, J A, Herman, S A, McSherry, G D, O'Sullivan, M J, Van Dyke, R B, Jimenez, E, Rouzioux, C, Flynn, P M and Sullivan, J L
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| |
Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant
|
| |
N Engl J Med year=1996 pages=1621&ndash1629 volume=335 issue=22
|
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| |
UNAIDS publisher= year= 2005
|
| |
http://wwwunaidsorg/Epi2005/doc/EPIupdate2005_pdf_en/epi-update2005_enpdf
|
| |
AIDS epidemic update, 2005
|
| |
PDF accessdate = 2006-01-17
|
| |
Berry, S
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| |
avertorg
|
| |
2006-06-08
|
| |
http://wwwavertorg/childrenhtm
|
| |
Children, HIV and AIDS
|
| |
2006-06-15
|
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| |
Dias, S F, Matos, M G and Goncalves, A C
|
| |
Preventing HIV transmission in adolescents: an analysis of the Portuguese data from the Health Behaviour School-aged Children study and focus groups
|
| |
Eur J Public Health year=2005 pages=300&ndash304 volume=15 issue=3
|
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| |
Department Of Health And Human Services publisher=
|
| |
February, 2006
|
| |
http://habhrsagov/tools/HIVpocketguide/PktGARTtableshtm
|
| |
A Pocket Guide to Adult HIV/AIDS Treatment February 2006 edition
|
| |
2006-09-01
|
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| |
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|
