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''For other uses, see Jat (disambiguation) ''
Jat people (, who are a distinct ethnic group.Amiram Gonen, ''The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World'', Henry Holt, 1993, pp. 277-278. ISBN 0805022562. The Jat people, who live in Northern,Western and Central India and Pakistan, follow many different faiths, are engaged in different professions and speak different languages. They have a distinct cultural history that can be historically traced back to ancient times.Sir Herbert Risley: ''The People of India''History of Medieval India - Vaidya Some have moved to Western Countries for economic and family reasons. There some have risen to prominence among the immigrants in the West . PEOPLE The Jat people is a ethnic community spread over of north west India, Pakistan and with large populations living in the Punjab Regiment . Moreover, there have been few Jat Kings and warriors throughout history because of the overwhelming domination of the Sainis, which is a ruling caste of Punjab.History of the Jatt Clans - Dr H.S Duleh. The Jat people have also produced many politicians and political leaders. Battle Insignia]] DEMOGRAPHICS The the population of Jats was around nine million in South Asia and was made up of followers of three major religions as shown below: According to Dr. B.S. Dhillon, by taking into consideration the population growth of both India and Pakistan since 1925, Professor Quanungo's figure of nine million could be translated into at least 30 million. According to earlier censuses, the Jati or Jats accounted for approximately 25% of the entire Sindhi-Punjabi speaking area, making it the one of "largest single socially distinctive group" in the region, next to the Saini and Khatri population.''The People of Asia'' by Gordon T. Bowles. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 1977, p. 158. According to Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria), adequate statistics about Jat population are available in the Census Report of India of 1931, which is the last and the most comprehensive source of information on the Jats, who were estimated to be approximately ten million in number at that time.Census of India 1931, Vol.I, Pt.2; Delhi:1933.Encly. Brit. Vol.12, 1968 Jats, p.969 From 1931 to 1988 the estimated increase in the Jat population of the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan respectively is 3.5% Hindu, 3.5 %Sikh and 4.0% Muslim.Dr. Sukhbir Singh q. in "Suraj Sujan", August, September and October Issuies, 1990, Maharaja Suraj Mal Sansthan, C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi. As worked out by Dr Sukhbir Singh, the Hindu Jats in 1931 were 2,210,945 which rose to 7,738,308 in 1988, whereas the Muslim Jats were 3,287,875 in 1931 and 13,151,500 in 1988. The Total population of Jats was 8,406,375 in 1931, where as it grew to be 31,066,253 in 1988 The state-wise break-up of the total Jat population (including the Hindu, Sikh and Muslim) is given in the following table:Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. 1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8 DISTRIBUTION map distribution of Jat people. Jat people in South Asia are mostly concentrated in greater Punjab , Sindh , Haryana , Rajasthan , Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , and Gujarat .]] In India, Jats inhabit the states of Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , and Gujarat . In Pakistan, they are found mainly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh . In large parts of these areas the Jats are the farmers, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Some Jats also live overseas in the many countries such the United States , Britain , Canada and Australia . Jats are mainly agriculturists. Traditionally they have dominated as the political class in Punjab. History of Punjab politics: Jats do it! . A number of Jats belonging to the political classes have produced many political leaders, including the 7th s, eight Mahavir Chakra , eight Kirti Chakra , 32 Shaurya Chakra s, 39 Vir Chakra s and 170 Sena medals.http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849. Major Hoshiar Singh of Rohtak won the Paramvir Chakra during Indo-Pak war of 1971. Rohtak district, which has a high density of Jats, has the distinction of producing the highest number of Victoria Cross winners of any district in India. The Jats are one of the prosperous in India on a per-capita basis in Jat regions though majority of the wealth belongs to the Popai and Saini population (Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states). Haryana Online of the British Indian Army ]] BACKGROUND Theories of origin There are many theories about the origin of the Jats. Jats are sometimes considered to be of Scythian ( Saka ), Indo-European , Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan stock in view of the similar physical features and common practices with one or the other of these groups. Indo-Aryan origin See Also: Indo-Aryan origin of Jats The Indo-Aryan origin of Jats has been advocated on the basis of ethnological, physical and linguistic standards by many historians like E.B.Havell,E.B.Havell: ''The history of Aryan rule in India'', page 32 Qanungo,Qanungo: ''History of the Jats'' C.V.Vaidya,C.V.Vaidya: ''History of Medieval Hindu India'' Sir Herbert Risley,Sir Herbert Risley: ''The People of India'' Thakur Deshraj , Thakur Deshraj : ''Jat Itihasa'' Mangal Sen JindalMangal Sen Jindal: ''History of Origin of Some Clans in India''etc. The aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982 Historian UN Sharma has mentioned the chronology of Krishna in which starting from Sindhupal in 64th generation of Krishna to Bharatpur ruler Maharaja Brijendra Singh (1929-1948) all the rulers are mentioned as Yaduvanshi Jats.UN Sharma :Jaton ka Navin Itihas Sidhu Jats are also Bhatti Rajput in origin, and thus Yaduvanshi in origin. The original home of Jats is possibly connected with the original home of Indo-Aryans , the Aryavarta (North & Central India), since the Jats are considered by many to be a tribe of largely Aryan origins. Indo-Scythian origin Alexander Cunningham considered the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. He thought that the ''Manhábari'' (perhaps = ''Mer'', ''Med'', ''Mand'', ''Mind'') and the ''Saminagar'' (perhaps = ''Sammâ'') tribes were Indo-Scythians . He says "their name is found in Northern India from the beginning of the Christian era." These people were apparently considered by some of the early Muslim writers to have descended from Med and Zat, "two descendants of Ham , the son of Noah ", and to be "the progenitors of the people of Sindh prior to the Mahâbhârata." Cunningham believes they "were in full possession of the valley of the Indus towards the end of the seventh century. We hear of no Semitic origins in India before the advent of Islam. Thus is the traditional approach of many Muslims to Semitize Hindu India. " Alexander Cunningham , ''The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang'' (1871), pp. 290-291. Cunningham held that the Rajputs belonged to the original Aryan stock, and the Jats to a late wave of immigrants from the north west, probably of Scythian race. In ''Punjab Castes'', Sir Denzil Ibbetson wrote: :" .... the original Rajput and the original Jat entered India at different times in its history. But if they do originally represent to separate waves of immigration, it is at least exceedingly probable, both from their almost identical physique and facial character and from the close communion which has always existed between them, that they belong to one and the same Ethnic stock; and it is almost certain that the joint Jat Rajput stock contains not a few tribes of aboriginal descent, though it is probably in the main Aryo-Scythian, if Scythian be not Aryan." According to Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria) the theory of Indo-Scythian origin of Jats was under heavy fire with the advent of 20th century. Investigations in the field of philology, anthropology and history armed the critics like Trump, and Beames, Miller and Grierson, Risley and Russel. Elliot and Haddon, Havell and Nesfield, C.V. Vaidya and Vidyalankar, Qanungo and Thakur Deshraj , Y.P.Shastri and Ram Pande, etc to controvert the theory vehemently. Hukum Singh Panwar(Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations, Rohtak, 1993, p. 176. ISBN 81-85235-22-8 Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria) further opines that all the Scythian people, who entered India in the century before Christ and White Huns, popularly known as Ephthalites, who invaded India in the 6th century AD could not have been and were not exterminated in toto. Some of them who acquired India as their (new) home, must have been assimilated in Indian society and may have added some foreign element to the Jats also. This does not mean that all the Jats as a whole may be declared to have originated from them. In fact, as the evidences show, the Jats were already there in India before the advent of these hordes, and reality is that India has been without any doubt and exaggeration, the ''officina gentium'' of the Jats since the very beginning of civilization. M.M. Kunte, The Vicissitudes of Aryan Civilization in India, Delhi, 1974, p. 517. He considers the jats as an aboriginal race in Punjab,Hukum Singh Panwar(Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations, Rohtak, 1993, p. 181. ISBN 81-85235-22-8 Calvin Kephart, for the first time, declared that Scythian conveys only geographical sense and there was ethnically no Scythian race.Calvin Kephart, Races of Mankind (Their Origin and Migration), Peter Owen Ltd., London, 1961, p. 261, Hukum Singh Panwar(Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations, Rohtak, 1993, p. 185. ISBN 81-85235-22-8 According to Jat historian Ram Lal Hala, the word Jat is derived from word 'Yat'. He theorises, that there was a Chandra Vanshi king named Ushana (उशना), ancestor of Lord Krishna. Ushana was born after nine generations of Yadu. Ushana performed hundred Ashvamedha Yagyas and got the title of 'yat'. The word 'Yat' later may have changed to 'Jat'. There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is "Jutt" or "Jatt (जट्ट)." Origin of Jats from Shiva's Locks See Also: Origin of Jats from Shiva's Locks ]] The Mythological account of Origin of Jats from Shiva's Locks was propounded by the author of Deva Samhita. Deva Samhita,Y.P.Shastri, op.cit., p.40-41, Dr Ram Swarup Joon , History of the Jats (Eng), 1967, p.14-15, Thakur Deshraj , Jat Itihas, 1934, p. 85-86 is a collection of Sanskrit hymns by Gorakh Sinha during the early medieval period. Devasamhita records an account of the Origin of the Jats in the form of discussion between Shiva and Parvati expressed in shloka (verses). Pārvatī asks Shiva , O Lord Bhutesha, knower of all religions, kindly narrate about the birth and exploits of the Jat Race . Who is their father? Who is their mother? Which race are they? When were they born? Having read the mind of Parvati, Shiva said, "O mother of the world, I may tell you honestly the origin and exploits of the Jats about whom none else has so far revealed anything to you. Some relevant verses are given below. There is mention of Jats in '' Deva Samhitā '' Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 87-88. in the form of powerful rulers over vast plains of Central Asia . When Pārvatī asks Shiva about the origin of Jats, their antiquity and characters of Jats, Shiva tells her like this in Sanskrit '' Shloka ''-15 as under: :महाबला महावीर्या, महासत्य पराक्रमाः ''Mahābalā mahāvīryā, Mahāsatya '' According to s, Jats completely established their supremacy and hold over administration in their own traditional fashion, which continued till the conquest of the region by Rathores.Ibid., p.103 The Jats claimed their right over the land which was under their possession, before the Rathores occupied it and this claim was inherited by their descendants, who used to divide the land among themselves for cultivation. It appears probable that in the early period of their conquest the Rathores could not exercise any definite claim on the land as landlords. However, it was possible only in the 17th century, Ibid, p.203 due to internal rivalries among Jats, primarily Godara s surrendered, later on all Jat clans accepted Rathor's suzerainty.G.S.L. Devra, op. cit., 7-8, Cf. Dayaldas ri Khyat, part 2, p. 4-5, Jibraeil: "Position of Jats in Churu Region", The Jats - Vol. II, Ed Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2006, p. 223 Other republics in Jangladesh
Jat republics in Marwar Jat republics in Matsya region
Jat republics in southern Rajasthan
Jat republics in United province
JAT REPUBLICS IN MALWA
Jats in the pre-Aurangzeb period See Also: Jats in the pre-Aurangzeb period We do not have the means to form an accurate and comprehensive view of their past, from the early medieval times to commencement of the reign of Aurangzeb when their brethren of Mathura and Bharatpur step by step rose to political prominence. Our sources contain incidental and meager information about the Jats. G.C.Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 7 It needs no stress that the mind of the people is better and more correctly revealed by their own writings. In case of the Jat people who generally do not have a respectable tradition of history writing, the paucity of any systematic and complete history from their side causes difficulties to a student of their history. The non-Jat sources do provide facts about the Jat activities. The sources consulted include such as Majmal-ut-Tawarikh, Tabkai-i-Akbari, Kamil-ut-Tawarikh, Tarikh-us-Subuktigin, Malfuzat-i-Timuri,Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi etc. The history of pre-Aurangzeb period reveals that they (the Jats) have shown in all times – whether against Sultan Mahmud Of Ghazni , or against Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali – the same propensity to fall upon the rear of a retreating army undeterred by the heaviest odds, or the terror-inspiring fame of great conquerors. When encountered they showed the same obstinate and steady courage unmindful of the carnage on the field or of the miseries that were in store for them after defeat". Qanungo, Jats,30, G.C.Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p.11-12 JAT KINGDOMS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA See Also: Jat Kingdoms in Medieval India The Jat Uprising of 1669 See Also: The Jat Uprising of 1669 The Jat uprising of 1669 under Gokula in region around Mathura occurred at a time when the Mughal government was by no means weak or imbecile. Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed by Dr Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 15 In fact this period of Aurangzeb’s reign witnessed the climax of the Mughal Empire.J.N.Sarkar, History of Auranzeb (Calcutta): 1912, I, Introduction, XI-XIII, F.X. Wendel, Memoires des Jats, 10 during the early medieval period frequent breakdown of law and order often induced the Jats to adopt a refractory course. J.N. Sarkar, History of Auranzeb (Calcutta): 1912, I, Introduction, XXVIII f. But, with the establishment of the Mughal rule, law and order was effectively established and we do not come across any major Jat revolt during the century and a half proceeding the reign of Aurangzeb. Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed by Dr Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 15 Historians have generally ascribed the said Jat rebellion to Aurangzab’s religious discrimination and the oppression of local officers. K.R. Qanungo, History of Jats (Calcutta: 1925), p. 34, U.N.Sharma, Itihas, p.88. Thakur Deshraj , Jat Itihas, p. 629 These, however seem to have been the contributory causes but neither the sole nor the dominant factors which precipitated the revolt. The real cause of the Jat rebellion of 1669 lay deeper than have been assigned to it so far. Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed by Dr Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 15 The Jat rebellion of 1669 was essentially the result of the political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent and set ablaze by the religious persecution. Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed by Dr Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 25 Once their combined efforts proved fruitful under later leaders and bright future prospects appeared ahead. Their circumstantial union assumed a little fixed character. Consideration of common benefit might also have been instrumental in leading the tribal and democratic Jats to prefer, accept and finally adopt the institution of kingship. To such circumstances may be traced the genesis of the Jat state of Bharatpur and the eventual emergence of the principalities of Patiala , Nabha and Jind which were the Jat republicans until India's independence. Bingley, Sikhs, p. 12 The rise of Jat power See Also: The rise of Jat power The rise of Jat power has always taken place against tyranny, injustice, economic and social exploitations and was never overawed by claims of racial or tribal superiority. They have always stood in ancient as well as medieval times like rock in the face of invaders seeking to ravage the motherland. Whenever the occasion arose they beat their ploughshares into swords and taking advantage of decrepit political structure, they laid the foundations of political power under several tribal chiefs. Preface by Ram Niwas Mirdha in G.C. Dwivedi’s, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003 They have shown in all times – whether against Sultan Mahmud Of Ghazni , or against Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali – the same propensity to fall upon the rear of a retreating army undeterred by the heaviest odds, or the terror-inspiring fame of great conquerors. When encountered they showed the same obstinate and steady courage unmindful of the carnage on the field or of the miseries that were in store for them after defeat. Qanungo, Jats,30], [G.C.Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p.11-12 In 1669 this race of warrior-agriculturists, the Jats, rose against the narrow and over-centralised despotic regime of Aurangzeb . The Jat power under the leadership of Churaman took a big leap forward during the rule of the imbecile successors of Aurangzeb.G.C.Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p.55-56 Gohad See Also: Gohad According to the ''Rajputana Gazetteer'', the Jagir of village Bamrauli near Agra , was transferred to the Chauhan and Kachwaha Rajputs of Bairath (near Alwar ), during the rule of the Tomar Rajputs in Delhi in the 11th century. During Firuz Shah Tughluq 's regime, his Satrap in Agra, Muneer Mohammad, forced the Jats of Bamrauli to leave the village in 1367. The Bamraulia Jats moved to the region of Gwalior beyond the Chambal river. According to Cunningham and William Cook , the Bamraulia Jats founded the city of Gohad near Gwalior in 1505. Later it developed into an important Jat State that continued till Indian Independence. The Jat rulers of Gohad were awarded the title of Rana . Singhan Deo was the first Jat ruler of the state of Gohad. The chronology of Jat rulers of Gohad has 17 names: Singhan Deo I, Singhan Deo II, Devi Singh, Udyaut Singh, Rana Anup Singh, Sambhu Singh, Abhay Chander, Ratan Singh, Uday Singh, Bagh Raj, Gaj Singh, Jaswant, Bhim Singh , Girdhar Pratap Singh , Chhatar Singh , Kirat Singh . The British Government concluded a treaty with Jats and with their help defeated Maratha s and won back Gwalior and Gohad from them. The British kept Gwalior with them and handed over Gohad to Jats in 1804.Dr. Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985) : "Gohad ke jaton ka Itihas" (Hindi), p.63 Gohad was handed over to Marathas under a revised treaty dated 1806 with the help of Britishers. Thus the Rana Jat rulers of Bamraulia Gotra ruled Gohad for 300 years from 1505–1805. Dr. Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985) : "Gohad ke jaton ka Itihas" (Hindi) Dholpur See Also: Dholpur The present town of Dholpur, which dates from the 16th century, stands somewhat to the north of the site of the older town built in the 11th century by Raja Dholan (or Dhawal) Deo, a Tomara Rajput chieftain; it was named as Dholdera or Dhawalpuri after him.Modern research says in 10 th century Jats took over the control of Dhaulpur. Before jats The Yadav were rooler in buddha time. After that Tomer of Gwaliar Win Dhaulpur but Jats remain there Emperor. In 1450, Dholpur had a Raja of its own. However, the fort was taken by Sikander Lodi in 1501 and transferred to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, after strenuous resistance, the fort fell to Babur and came under the sway of the Mughal s along with the surrounding country. It was assigned by Emperor Akbar to the province of Agra. A fortified '' Sarai '' built during the reign of Akbar still stands in the town, within which is the fine tomb of Sadik Mohammed Khan, one of his generals. During the dissensions which followed the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur. His family retained it until 1761, after which it was taken successively by the Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the "Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon", but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. Finally, in 1806, the territories of Dholpur, Ban and Rajakhera were handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad, in exchange for his own state of Gohad, which was ceded to the Scindias. From this point begins the history of the princely state of Dholpur, a vassal of the British during the Raj . After Independence, it was incorporated into the newly-formed state of Rajasthan . Bharatpur See Also: Bharatpur, India See Also: Maharaja Suraj Mal ]] In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Jat resistance resumed, organized under the leadership of , 2003, p.55 Churaman's nephew, Badan Singh (1722–1756), established a kingdom centered at Deeg , from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura. Badan Singh 's eldest son and successor was Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763) . Suraj Mal, described as the "Jat Plato " and the "Jat Ulysses ", extended his kingdom to include Agra , Mathura , Dholpur , Mainpuri , Hathras , Aligarh , Etawah , Meerut , Rohtak , Farrukhnagar , Mewat , Rewari and Gurgaon . He was described as the greatest warrior and the ablest statesman that the Jats had ever produced. The author of Siyar says, Suraj Mal had in his stable twelve thousand horses, mounted by so many picked man, amongst whom on horseback and then wheeling round in order to load under shelter, and these men had by continual and daily practice become so expeditious and so dangerous marksmen, and withal so expert in their evolutions, that there were no troops in India and could pretend to face them in the field. Nor was it thought possible to wage war against such a prince with any prospect of advantage. Siyar IV, p. 28, K.R. Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 97 Suraj Mal moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur after 1733. Rustam , a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, had laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. After him, control passed to his son, Khemkaran and then to Suraj Mal. Khemkaran was a warrior. He was awarded with the title " Faujdar ", which is still used by all Sogariyas. The beautiful palace and gardens at Deeg and the Bharatpur fort, both built by Suraj Mal, symbolised the coming of age of the Jat state. Suraj Mal died on 25 December, 1763. The chronology of Sinsinwar Jat clan rulers of Bharatpur is as under: Gokula (? - 1670], Raja Ram (1670 - 1688), Churaman (1695 - 1721), Badan Singh (1722 - 1756), Maharaja Suraj Mal (1756 - 1767), Maharaja Jawahar Singh (1767 - 1768), Maharaja Ratan Singh (1768 - 1769), Maharaja Kehri Singh (1769 - 1771), Maharaja Nawal Singh (1771 - 1776), Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1776 - 1805), Maharaja Randhir Singh (1805 - 1823), Maharaja Baldeo Singh (1823 - 1825), Maharaja Balwant Singh (1825 - 1853), Maharaja Jashwant Singh (1853 - 1893), Maharaja Ram Singh (1893 - 1900) (Exiled), Maharani Girraj Kaur (1900-1918) (regent), Maharaja Kishan Singh (1900 - 1929), Maharaja Brijendra Singh (1929-1947) (Joined the Indian Union) During the Raj , the state covered an area of 5,123 sq.km. Its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded unto the Dominion Of India in 1947. It was merged with three nearby princely states to form the 'Matsya Union', which in turn was merged with other adjoining territories to create the present-day state of Rajasthan. Kuchesar See Also: Kuchesar In the mid-eighteenth century the Dalal Jats of Mandoti, Haryana , built the mud fort of Kuchesar in Uttar Pradesh.Mud fort of kuchesar famous for tourism now a days. Ballabhgarh See Also: Ballabhgarh The founders of the princely state of Ballabhgarh were Tewatia Jats, who had come from village Janauli, which is more than 2000 years old. The Tevatia Jat Sardar Gopal Singh left Janauli in 1705 (in Palwal ) and got settled at Sihi, a village of Tewatia Jats in Ballabgarh at a distance of about 5 km from Ballabhgarh. Charan Das's son, Balram Singh, rose to a powerful king in this dynasty. Princely state of Ballabgarh is after his name. He was brother in law of Maharaja Suraj Mal and mama of Jawahar Singh . Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was a notable King of this princely state. The forefathers of Jat Raja Nahar Singh had built a fort here around 1739 AD. The small kingdom of Ballabhgarh is only 20 miles from Delhi. The name of the Jat Raja Nahar Singh will always be highly regarded among those who martyred themselves in the 1857 war of independence. Patiala See Also: Patiala and Jind trace their ancestry to Jat sardar Phul of Siddhu ancestry.Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998 Apparently the appellation of dynasty "Phulkian" is derived from their common founder. One of sons of Phul, Ram Singh had son Ala Singh, who assumed the leadership in 1714 when Banda Bahadur was engaged in the fierce battle against the Mughals. Ala Singh carved out an independent principality from a petty Zamindari of 30 villages. Under his successors, it expanded into a large state, touching the Shivaliks in north, Rajasthan in the south and upper courses of the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers while confronting the most trying and challenging circumstances. Nabha See Also: Nabha , Jind and Nabha . Nabha was founded by the great-grandson of Phul in 1755. Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Nabha Jind See Also: Jind Jats founded by grandson of Chaudhary Phul Singh. Chaudhary Phul Singh had six sons namely, 1.Tiloka 2.Ram Singh 3.Rudh 4.Chunu 5. Jhandu and 6.Takhtmal. Tiloka had two sons namely, 1. Gurudutta 2. Sukh Chain. Sukh Chain's descendants ruled Jind state and Gurudatta's descendants ruled Nabha state.Area of the state was 1259 sq mile and annual income of Jind state was Rs 30,00,000/-.Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998 According to another version stating descent from Jaisal, founder of the State of Jaisalmer in 1156, the founder of this Sikh dynasty, Phul, was Chaudhri (Governor) of a country located at the south east of Dihli. Phul’s descendants founded 3 States: Patiala, Jind and Nabha. By the nineteenth century, Jats ruled the states of Bharatpur, Dholpur , Gohad , Kuchesar , Ballabhgarh , Patiala , Nabha and Jind . The Jats established a reputation of being determined and sturdy. Mursan Mursan state of Thenua Jats was located in the Hathras (Mahamaya Nagar) district in Uttar Pradesh . The most well-known ruler of this estate was the Jat nobleman, Raja Mahendra Pratap (1886–1979), who was popularly known as Aryan Peshwa . The third son of Raja Ghansyam Singh, he was adopted by Raja Harnarayan Singh of Hathras . Mahendra Pratap married a lady from a Jat Sikh family based in the Princely State of Jind in Haryana . Punjab Pakistan (Maharaja Ranjit Singh) Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) was from Sandhawalia History of the Jatt Clans - H.S Duleh ''(Translation from original Punjabi work "Jattan da Itihas" by Gurjant Singh).'' Jat clan of Punjab and became the Sikh Emperor of the Sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire . Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala . Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the young age of 12. After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state. He conquered vast tracts of territory on all sides of his kingdom. From the capture of Lahore in 1799, he rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab and became undisputed ruler of northern India and the land of the five rivers. And even then, to secure his empire, he invaded Afghanistan , and severely defeated the Pathan militias and tribes. Ranjit Singh took the title of Maharaja on April 12 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the city of Amritsar . In the year 1802, Ranjit Singh successfully invaded Kashmir . Other states There are so many other Jat states. If we included Jats state of Punjab, these are more than Rajput states. Some of the states to mention are:
GENETICS A recent study of the people of Indian Punjab, where about 40% or more of the population are Jats, suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley . The study involved a Genealogical DNA Test which examined single Nucleotide Polymorphism s (mutations in a single DNA "letter") on the Y Chromosome (which occurs only in males). Jats share many common Haplotype s with German , Slavic , Baltic , Iranian , and Central Asian groups. It found Jat people share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with the population of present-day Turkey , and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistan i populations.YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database. This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups may be part of an Indo-Aryan (or Indo-European ) genetic contribution to these populations, where as the haplotypes shared with other Eurasian populations may be due to the contribution of Indo-European Scythian s ( Saka , Massagetae ) or White Hun s.YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database. (These groups may of course all have been branches of a larger ethnic complex). However using the same database Jats share many haplotypes (within the R1a haplogroup) with Southern India ns. Hence it seems as far as haplogroup R1a is concerned Jats, many European s and Southern India ns, but not non-Punjabi Pakistani populations, share a common recent history (based on R1a1 haplotypes). The R1a marker on it own or in its entirety is not indicative of the spread of Indo-European/Scythian populations.YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database. The Mitochondrial DNA ( MtDNA ), Jats contain haplogroups typical of North India , Pakistan , and West Asia . This indicates that for the female MtDNA , there is very little connection with Central Asian or northwest European populations, even though Jats share manyY-SNP markers with these populations. Hence this may indicate that there has been male migration in or out of the Jat population in 'historical' times. JATS TODAY Today, besides agriculture, Jats are engaged in blue and white-collar jobs, trade and commerce. Though they continue to be a rural populace, there presence in towns and district headquarters can be noted due to migration, which undoubtedly explains their distance from agriculture and animal husbandry. K L Sharma:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Dr Vir Singh ,p.13 Adult franchise has created enormous social and political awakening among Jats. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of north India .However since demise of ,p.14 Life and culture of Jats See Also: Life and culture of Jats The Life and culture of Jats is full of , p.3 Food habits In Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana Jats are mostly non-meat eaters as a result of Buddhist influence and the Arya Samaj Sect of Hinduism. Their staple food is wheat or Bajra , Vegetable s and plenty of Milk and Ghee . Ram Swarup Joon , History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967) In Punjab, the Jatts usually eat meat, with the exception of beef. However, food habits within individual families can be completely different so no major specific food habit can given for millions of Jats. Jat Organizations See Also: Khap The Jats have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineage ''', ISBN 81-88629-17-0, p.27The big Jat clans now are so big that individual in them are only related to each other by individual that lived typically hundreds years ago. Mutual quarrels of any intensity could be settled by orders of Jat elders. In times of danger, the whole clan rallied under the banner of the leader. The Jat Khap or Panchayat "system is territorial and highly democratic. District and a number of Khap s form a ' Sarva Khap ' embracing a full province or state. Negotiations with anyone were done - at ' Sarva Khap ' level. In addition to the conventional Sarva Khap Panchayat , there are regional Jat Mahasabha s affiliated to the All India Jat Mahasabha to organize and safeguard the interests of the community, which held its meeting at regional and national levels to take stock of their activities and devise practical ways and means for the amelioration of the community.B.K. Nagla, "Jats of Haryana: A sociplogical Analysis", The Jats, Vol. II, Ed Dr Vir Singh, p.308 Social customs of Jats See Also: Social customs of Jats ceremony]] fairs are organized in all areas inhabited by Jats]] All Jats, irrespective of their official or financial positions in life, have equal social status (except the royal family of Patiala /Saini who are Sidhu / Bhatti Rajput in origin). The only criterion of superiority is age. The Jats are encouraged to marry within their community although this is changing with modern times.There have been some reports of, as people are becoming less dependent upon and less tolerant towards each other, the joint family system is going out of vogue. It is still prevalent in the less advanced areas.. Polyandry was earlier practised in a few pockets of undivided Punjab . {Link without Title} Religion Jats are followers of many faiths. They were previously ardent supporters of Buddhism and Jainism , along with the Historical Vedic Religion , and its successor, modern Hinduism . Today they follow Hinduism, Islam , and Sikhism . As per Hindu Caste System Jats are classified as Kshatriya s. Language Jats usually speak Hindi and its dialects ( Rajasthani , Haryanvi , Malvi ), Punjabi and its dialects, Urdu , Dogri , Sindhi or Gujarati . Sikh and Muslim Jats from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi , Malwi , Doab i, Seraiki , Pothohari , and Jhangochi ). (See - Haryanavi Language & Rajasthani_Language ) List of Jat Clans See Also: List of Jat Clans The clan names of the Jats are unique in India, although there are many names shared with the Tarkhan(Punjab) tribe. However, some of their clan names do overlap with the Rajputs and Gujars.Marshall, J., (Sir, Hon. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge University, and formerly Director-General of Archaeology in India), A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24. List Of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania,Dr Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat samudāy ke pramukh Ādhār bindu, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2004 Bhaleram Beniwal Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihāsa, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005. Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāt Yodhaon ke Balidān, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005 Dr Mahendra Singh Arya and others, Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998 Thakur Deshraj, Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd Dilip Singh Ahlawat, Dilip Singh Ahlawat: Jat viron ka Itihasa Ram Swarup JoonRam Swarup Joon: History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967) etc. The above lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj , Ram Swarup Joon and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras. Some websites of Jats have also prepared list of Jat Gotras with details of history and distriburion.[http://www.jatland.com/home/Jat_Gotras List of Jat Gotras on Jatland] Famous Jats See Also: List of famous Jats The Jats have produced famous personalities in all the fields of life such as Rajas, Politicians, Generals, Administrators, Actors, Freedom fighters, Reformers, Technocrats, Players, Industrialists and Businessmen. JAT PEOPLE IN FILMS & POPULAR CULTURE There are many proverbs about Jat people in literature.
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