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The full list is available at http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html GENERAL ECONOMICS AND TEACHING JEL: A SUBCATEGORIES - General Economics ::JEL: A10 - General ::JEL: A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists :: - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines :: - Relation Of Economics To Social Values ::JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics ::JEL: A19 - Other - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics ::JEL: A20 - General ::JEL: A21 - Pre-college ::JEL: A22 - Undergraduate ::JEL: A23 - Graduate ::JEL: A29 - Other JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works ::JEL: A30 - General ::JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals ::JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes ::JEL: A39 - Other SCHOOLS OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND METHODOLOGY JEL: B SUBCATEGORIES JEL: B0 - General ::JEL: B00 - General - History Of Economic Thought through 1925 ::JEL: B10 - General :: - Preclassical :: - Classical ::JEL: B13 - Neoclassical Through 1925 ::JEL: B14 - Socialist ; Marxist ::JEL: B15 - Historical ; Institutional ::JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical ::JEL: B19 - Other - History Of Economic Thought since 1925 ::JEL: B20 - General ::JEL: B21 - Microeconomics ::JEL: B22 - Macroeconomics ::JEL: B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative & Mathematical Studies ::JEL: B24 - Socialist ; Marxist ; Sraffian ::JEL: B25 - Historical ; Institutional ; Evolutionary ; Austrian ::JEL: B29 - Other JEL: B3 - History of Thought: Individuals ::JEL: B30 - General ::JEL: B31 - Individuals ::JEL: B32 - Obituaries - Economic Methodology ::JEL: B40 - General ::JEL: B41 - Economic Methodology ::JEL: B49 - Other - Current Heterodox Approaches ::JEL: B50 - General ::JEL: B51 - Socialist ; Marxian ; Sraffian ::JEL: B52 - Institutional ; Evolutionary ::JEL: B53 - Austrian ::JEL: B54 - Feminist Economics ::JEL: B59 - Other MATHEMATICAL AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS JEL: C SUBCATEGORIES - General ::JEL: C00 - General - Econometric and Statistical Methods : General ::JEL: C10 - General ::JEL: C11 - Bayesian Analysis :: - Hypothesis Testing :: - Estimation ::JEL: C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods ::JEL: C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods ; Monte Carlo Methods ; Bootstrap Methods :: - Statistical Distributions ::JEL: C19 - Other ::JEL: C20 - General :: - Cross-Sectional Models ; Spatial Models ; Treatment Effect Models :: - Time-Series Models ::JEL: C23 - Panel Data ::JEL: C34 - Truncated and Censored models ::JEL: C25 - Discrete Regression ; Qualitative Choice Models ::JEL: C29 - Other ::JEL: C30 - General :: - Cross-Sectional Models ; ; Spatial Models ; Treatment Effect Models :: - Time-Series Models ::JEL: C33 - Panel Data ::JEL: C34 - Truncated and Censored models ::JEL: C35 - Discrete Regression ; Qualitative Choice Models ::JEL: C39 - Other - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics ::JEL: C40 - General ::JEL: C41 - Duration Analysis ::JEL: C42 - Survey Methods (econometrics :: - Index Numbers Aggregation ::JEL: C44 - Statistical Decision Theory ; Operations Research ::JEL: C45 - Neural Networks And Related Topics ::JEL: C49 - Other - Econometric Modeling ::JEL: C50 - General ::JEL: C51 - Model Construction And Estimation ::JEL: C52 - Model Evaluation And Testing ::JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications ::JEL: C59 - Other - Mathematical Methods and Programming ::JEL: C60 - General ::JEL: C61 - Optimization Techniques ; Programming Models ; Dynamic analysis ::JEL: C62 - Existence and Stability conditions of Equilibrium :: - Computational Techniques ::JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools ::JEL: C67 - Input–output Models ::JEL: C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models ::JEL: C69 - Other - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory ::JEL: C70 - General :: - Cooperative Game s :: - Noncooperative Game s :: - Stochastic and Dynamic Game s; Evolutionary Games :: - Bargaining Theory ; Matching Theory ::JEL: C79 - Other - Data Collection And Data Estimation Methodology ; Computer Programs ::JEL: C80 - General ::JEL: C81 - Methodology For Collecting, Estimating, And Organizing Microeconomic Data ::JEL: C82 - Methodology For Collecting, Estimating, And Organizing Macroeconomic Data :: - Econometric Software :: - Other Computer Software ::JEL: C89 - Other - Design Of Experiments ::JEL: C90 - General ::JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior ::JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior ::JEL: C93 - Field Experiments ::JEL: C99 - Other MICROECONOMICS JEL: D SUBCATEGORIES JEL: D0 - General ::JEL: D00 - General :: - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles :: - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations - Household Behavior And Family Economics ::JEL: D10 - General :: - Consumer Economics: Theory ::JEL: D12 - ::JEL: D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation ::JEL: D14 - Personal Finance ::JEL: D18 - Consumer Protection ::JEL: D19 - Other - Production and Organizations ::JEL: D20 - General :: - Firm Behavior ::JEL: D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property rights :: - Production ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity ::JEL: D29 - Other - Distribution ::JEL: D30 - General ::JEL: D31 - , and Their Distributions ::JEL: D33 - ::JEL: D39 - Other - Market Structure And Pricing :: - General :: - Perfect Competition :: - Monopoly :: - Oligopoly and Other Forms Of Market Imperfection :: - Auctions :: - Rationing ; Licensing :: - Value Theory ::JEL: D49 - Other - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium ::JEL: D50 - General ::JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies ::JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets ::JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables And Analysis ::JEL: D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models ::JEL: D59 - Other - Welfare Economics ::JEL: D60 - General :: - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-benefit Analysis :: - Externalities ::JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice , Inequality , and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement ::JEL: D64 - Altruism ::JEL: D69 - Other JEL: D63 Economic Inequality - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making ::JEL: D70 - General :: - Social Choice ; Clubs ; Committees; Associations ::, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior ::JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption ::JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances ::JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation ::JEL: D79 - Other - Information , Knowledge, and Uncertainty ::JEL: D80 - General :: - Criteria for Decision-Making Under Risk And Uncertainty :: - Asymmetric and Private Information ::JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge ::JEL: D84 - Expectations ; Speculation ::JEL: D85 - Network Formation ::JEL: D86 - Economics Of Contract Law ::JEL: D89 - Other - Intertemporal Choice and Growth ::JEL: D90 - General ::JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving ::JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing ::JEL: D99 - Other MACROECONOMICS AND MONETARY ECONOMICS JEL: E SUBCATEGORIES JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics JEL: E0 - General ::JEL: E00 - General :: - Measurement And Data On National Income And Product Accounts and Wealth JEL: E1 - General Aggregative Models ::JEL: E10 - General ::JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary :: - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian ::JEL: E13 - Neoclassical ::JEL: E17 - and Simulation ::JEL: E19 - Other - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment ::JEL: E20 - General ::JEL: E21 - Consumption ; Saving ::JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity ::JEL: E23 - Production ::JEL: E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ::JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution ::JEL: E26 - Informal Economy ; Underground Economy ::JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E29 - Other JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles ::JEL: E30 - General ::JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation ; Deflation :: - Business Fluctuations; Cycles ::JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E39 - Other - Money and Interest Rates ::JEL: E40 - General ::JEL: E41 - Demand For Money ::JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System :: - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates ::JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy ::JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E49 - Other - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit ::JEL: E50 - General ::JEL: E51 - Money Supply ; Credit ; Money Multipliers ::JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects) ::JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies ::JEL: E59 - Other - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook ::JEL: E60 - General ::JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination :: - Fiscal Policy ; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation ::JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization ::JEL: E64 - Incomes Policy ; Price Policy ::JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes ::JEL: E66 - General Outlook and Conditions ::JEL: E69 - Other INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS JEL: F SUBCATEGORIES JEL: F - International Economics JEL: F0 - General ::JEL: F00 - General ::JEL: F01 - Global Outlook ::JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: General - Trade ::JEL: F10 - General ::JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade ::JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies ::JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations ::JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade ::JEL: F15 - Economic Integration ::JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions ::JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment ::JEL: F19 - Other - International Factor Movements and International Business ::JEL: F20 - General ::JEL: F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements :: - International Migration :: - Multinational Firms ; International Business ::JEL: F29 - Other - International Finance ::JEL: F30 - General ::JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange ::JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements ::JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions ::JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems ::JEL: F35 - Foreign Aid ::JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration ::JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: F39 - Other - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance ::JEL: F40 - General ::JEL: F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics ::JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission ::JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies ::JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: F49 - Other FINANCIAL ECONOMICS JEL: G SUBCATEGORIES JEL: G - Financial Economics - General ::JEL: G00 - General - General Financial Markets ::JEL: G10 - General ::JEL: G11 - Portfolio Choice ; Investment Decisions ::JEL: G12 - Asset Pricing ::JEL: G13 - Contingent Pricing ; Futures Pricing ::JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency ; Event Studies ::JEL: G15 - International Financial Markets ::JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation ::JEL: G19 - Other - Financial Institutions and Services ::JEL: G20 - General :: - Bank s; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages :: - Insurance ; Insurance Companies ::JEL: G23 - Pension Funds ; Other Private Financial Institutions ::JEL: G24 - Investment Banking ; Venture Capital ; Brokerage ::JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation ::JEL: G29 - Other - Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance ::JEL: G30 - General ::JEL: G31 - Capital Budgeting ; Investment Policy ::JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure ::JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy ; Liquidation ::JEL: G34 - Mergers ; Acquisitions ; Restructuring ; Corporate Governance ::JEL: G35 - Payout Policy ::JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation ::JEL: G39 - Other PUBLIC ECONOMICS JEL: H SUBCATEGORIES JEL: H - Public Economics JEL: H0 - General ::JEL: H00 - General JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government ::JEL: H10 - General ::JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government ::JEL: H19 - Other , and Revenue ::JEL: H20 - General ::JEL: H21 - ; Optimal Taxation ::JEL: H22 - Incidence ::JEL: H23 - Externalities; ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies :: - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies :: - Business Taxes and Subsidies ::JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion ::JEL: H27 - Other Sources of Revenue ::JEL: H29 - Other JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents ::JEL: H30 - General ::JEL: H31 - Household ::JEL: H32 - Firm ::JEL: H39 - Other JEL: H4 - Publicly Provided Goods ::JEL: H40 - General ::JEL: H41 - Public Goods ::JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods ::JEL: H43 - Project Evaluation ; Social Discount Rate ::JEL: H49 - Other JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies ::JEL: H50 - General ::JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health ::JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education ::JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs ::JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock ::JEL: H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions :: - National Security and War ::JEL: H57 - Procurement ::JEL: H59 - Other JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt ::JEL: H60 - General ::JEL: H61 - Budget ; Budget Systems ::JEL: H62 - Deficit ; Surplus ::JEL: H63 - Debt ; Debt Management ::JEL: H69 - Other JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations ::JEL: H70 - General ::JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue ::JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures ::JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects ::JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing ::JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism ::JEL: H79 - Other JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues ::JEL: H80 - General ::JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits ::JEL: H82 - Governmental Property ::JEL: H83 - Public Administration ::JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods ::JEL: H89 - Other HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE JEL: I SUBCATEGORIES JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare JEL: I0 - General ::JEL: I00 - General - Health ::JEL: I10 - General :: - Analysis Of Health Care Markets ::JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior ::JEL: I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation; Public Health ::JEL: I19 - Other - Education ::JEL: I20 - General ::JEL: I21 - Analysis Of Education ::JEL: I22 - Educational Finance ::JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions ::JEL: I28 - Government Policy ::JEL: I29 - Other - Welfare and Poverty ::JEL: I30 - General ::JEL: I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs ; Living Standards ; Quality Of Life ; Happiness :: - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty ::JEL: I38 - Government Policy ; Provision And Effects Of Welfare Programs ::JEL: I39 - Other LABOR AND DEMOGRAPHIC ECONOMICS JEL: J SUBCATEGORIES JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics JEL: J0 - General ::JEL: J00 - General - Demographic Economics ::JEL: J10 - General ::JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts ::JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure ::JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth ::JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped ::JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination ::JEL: J16 - Economics Of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination ::JEL: J17 - Value Of Life ; Foregone Income ::JEL: J18 - Public Policy ::JEL: J19 - Other - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human Capital ::JEL: J20 - General ::JEL: J21 - Labor Force and Employment , Size, and Structure ::JEL: J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply ::JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job Creation ; Demand For Labor ; Self-employment ::JEL: J24 - Human Capital ; Skills ; Occupational Choice ; Labor Productivity ::JEL: J26 - Retirement ; Retirement Policies ::JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy ::JEL: J29 - Other - Wages , Compensation, and Labor Costs ::JEL: J30 - General ::JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. ::JEL: J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits ; Private Pensions ::JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods ::JEL: J38 - Public Policy ::JEL: J39 - Other - Particular Labor Markets ::JEL: J40 - General ::JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models , Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets ::JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets ::JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets ::JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations ::JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets ::JEL: J48 - Public Policy ::JEL: J49 - Other - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining ::JEL: J50 - General ::JEL: J51 - Trade Unions : Objectives, Structure, and Effects ::JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes , Arbitration , and Mediation ; Collective Bargaining ::JEL: J53 - Labor–management Relations ; Industrial Jurisprudence ::JEL: J54 - Producer Cooperatives ; Labor Managed Firms ::JEL: J58 - Public Policy ::JEL: J59 - Other - Mobility , Unemployment , and Vacancies ::JEL: J60 - General ::JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers ::JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility ::JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies ; Layoffs ::JEL: J64 - Unemployment : Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search ::JEL: J65 - Unemployment Insurance ; Severance Pay ; Plant Closings ::JEL: J68 - Public Policy ::JEL: J69 - Other - Labor Discrimination ::JEL: J70 - General ::JEL: J71 - Discrimination ::JEL: J78 - Public Policy ::JEL: J79 - Other - Labor Standards: National and International ::JEL: J80 - General ::JEL: J81 - Working Conditions ::JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition ::JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights ::JEL: J88 - Public Policy ::JEL: J89 - Other LAW AND ECONOMICS JEL: K SUBCATEGORIES JEL: K - Law and Economics JEL: K0 - General ::JEL: K00 - General JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law ::JEL: K10 - General ::JEL: K11 - Property Law ::JEL: K12 - Contract Law ::JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability ::JEL: K14 - Criminal Law ::JEL: K19 - Other - Regulation and Business Law ::JEL: K20 - General ::JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law ::JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law ::JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law ::JEL: K29 - Other JEL: K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law ::JEL: K30 - General ::JEL: K31 - Labor Law ::JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law ::JEL: K33 - International Law ::JEL: K34 - Tax Law ::JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law ::JEL: K39 - Other JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior ::JEL: K40 - General ::JEL: K41 - Litigation Process ::JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law ::JEL: K49 - Other INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION JEL: L SUBCATEGORIES JEL: L - Industrial Organization JEL: L0 - General ::JEL: L00 - General - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance ::JEL: L10 - General ::JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms :: - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies ::JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets ::JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks ::JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility ::JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices ::JEL: L19 - Other JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior ::JEL: L20 - General ::JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm ::JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration ; Conglomerates ::JEL: L23 - Organization of Production ::JEL: L24 - Contracting Out ; Joint Venture s ::JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales ::JEL: L29 - Other JEL: L3 - ::JEL: L30 - General ::JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs ::JEL: L32 - Public Enterprises ::JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization ; Contracting Out ::JEL: L39 - Other JEL: L4 - Issues and Policies ::JEL: L40 - General ::JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices ::JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts ::JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation ::JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations ::JEL: L49 - Other JEL: L5 - Regulation and ::JEL: L50 - General ::JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation ::JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods ::JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms ::JEL: L59 - Other - Industry Studies: Manufacturing ::JEL: L60 - General ::JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics ::JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment ::JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment ::JEL: L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments ::JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology ::JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco ::JEL: L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather ::JEL: L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables ::JEL: L69 - Other JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction ::JEL: L70 - General ::JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels ::JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources ::JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper ::JEL: L74 - Construction ::JEL: L78 - Government Policy ::JEL: L79 - Other - Industry Studies: Services ::JEL: L80 - General ::JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce ::JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) ::JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism ::JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services ::JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services ::JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software ::JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services ::JEL: L88 - Government Policy ::JEL: L89 - Other - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities ::JEL: L90 - General ::JEL: L91 - Transportation: General ::JEL: L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports ::JEL: L93 - Air Transportation ::JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities ::JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities ::JEL: L96 - Telecommunications ::JEL: L97 - Utilities: General ::JEL: L98 - Government Policy ::JEL: L99 - Other BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND BUSINESS ECONOMICS; MARKETING; ACCOUNTING JEL: M SUBCATEGORIES JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M0 - General ::JEL: M00 - General - Business Administration ::JEL: M10 - General ::JEL: M11 - Production Management ::JEL: M12 - Personnel Management ::JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship ::JEL: M14 - Corporate Culture ; Social Responsibility ::JEL: M19 - Other JEL: M2 - Business Economics ::JEL: M20 - General ::JEL: M21 - Business Economics ::JEL: M29 - Other - Marketing and Advertising ::JEL: M30 - General ::JEL: M31 - Marketing ::JEL: M37 - Advertising ::JEL: M39 - Other - Accounting and Auditing ::JEL: M40 - General ::JEL: M41 - Accounting Scholarship ::JEL: M42 - Auditing ::JEL: M49 - Other JEL: M5 - Personnel Economics ::JEL: M50 - General ::JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues) ::JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects ( Stock Options , Fringe Benefits , incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) ::JEL: M53 - Training ::JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, Worker Empowerment , Job Design , tasks and authority, Job Satisfaction ) ::JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing ; Franchising ; Other ::JEL: M59 - Other ECONOMIC HISTORY JEL: N SUBCATEGORIES JEL: N - Economic History JEL: N0 - General ::JEL: N00 - General ::JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations ::JEL: N10 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions ::JEL: N20 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth ::JEL: N30 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation ::JEL: N40 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries ::JEL: N50 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction ::JEL: N60 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services ::JEL: N70 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History ::JEL: N80 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History ::JEL: N90 - General, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND GROWTH JEL: O SUBCATEGORIES JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - Economic Development ::JEL: O10 - General ::JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ::JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ::JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products ::JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology ::JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration ::JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment :: - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political ::JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses ::JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy ::JEL: O20 - General ::JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy ::JEL: O22 - Project Analysis ::JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development ::JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy ::JEL: O29 - Other - Technological Change; Research and Development ::JEL: O30 - General ::JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives ::JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D ::JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes :: - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues ::JEL: O38 - Government Policy ::JEL: O39 - Other - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity ::JEL: O40 - General ::JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models ::JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models ::JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity ::JEL: O49 - Other - Economywide Country Studies ::JEL: O50 - General ::JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada ::JEL: O52 - Europe ::JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: O54 - Latin America ; Caribbean ::JEL: O55 - Africa ::JEL: O56 - Oceania ::JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries ECONOMIC SYSTEMS JEL: P SUBCATEGORIES JEL: P - Economic Systems JEL: P0 - General ::JEL: P00 - General - Capitalist Systems ::JEL: P10 - General :: - Planning, Coordination, and Reform ::JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises ::JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises ::JEL: P14 - Property Rights ::JEL: P16 - Political Economy ::JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects ::JEL: P19 - Other - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies ::JEL: P20 - General ::JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform ::JEL: P22 - Prices ::JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population ::JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation ::JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation ::JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights ::JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects ::JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment ::JEL: P29 - Other - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions ::JEL: P30 - General ::JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions ::JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture ::JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid ::JEL: P34 - Financial Economics ::JEL: P35 - Public Economics ::JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty ::JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior ::JEL: P39 - Other JEL: P4 - Other Economic Systems ::JEL: P40 - General ::JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform ::JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population ::JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics ::JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation ::JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid ::JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty ::JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects ::JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights ::JEL: P49 - Other JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems ::JEL: P50 - General ::JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems ::JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies ::JEL: P59 - Other AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS JEL: Q SUBCATEGORIES JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics JEL: Q0 - General ::JEL: Q00 - General ::JEL: Q01 - Sustainable Development - Agriculture ::JEL: Q10 - General ::JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices ::JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets ::JEL: Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness ::JEL: Q14 - Agricultural Finance ::JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation ::JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services ::JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade ::JEL: Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy ::JEL: Q19 - Other - Renewable Resources and Conservation ::JEL: Q20 - General ::JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply ::JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture ::JEL: Q23 - Forestry ::JEL: Q24 - Land ::JEL: Q25 - Water ::JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources ::JEL: Q28 - Government Policy ::JEL: Q29 - Other - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation ::JEL: Q30 - General ::JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply ::JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development ::JEL: Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts ::JEL: Q33 - Resource Booms ::JEL: Q38 - Government Policy ::JEL: Q39 - Other - Energy ::JEL: Q40 - General ::JEL: Q41 - Demand and Supply ::JEL: Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources ::JEL: Q43 - Energy And The Macroeconomy ::JEL: Q48 - Government Policy ::JEL: Q49 - Other - Environmental Economics ::JEL: Q50 - General ::JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects ::JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects ::JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling ::JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters ::JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation ::JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounting ::JEL: Q57 - Ecological Economics : Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics ::JEL: Q58 - Government Policy ::JEL: Q59 - Other URBAN, RURAL, AND REGIONAL ECONOMICS JEL: R SUBCATEGORIES JEL: R - Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R0 - General ::JEL: R00 - General - General Regional Economics ::JEL: R10 - General ::JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes ::JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade ::JEL: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies ::JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns ::JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models ::JEL: R19 - Other JEL: R2 - Household Analysis ::JEL: R20 - General ::JEL: R21 - Housing Demand ::JEL: R22 - Other Demand ::JEL: R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population ::JEL: R29 - Other JEL: R3 - Production Analysis and Firm Location ::JEL: R30 - General ::JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets ::JEL: R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis ::JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets ::JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis ::JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies ::JEL: R39 - Other - Transportation Systems ::JEL: R40 - General ::JEL: R41 - Transportation: Demand; Supply; Congestion; Safety and Accidents ::JEL: R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis ::JEL: R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies ::JEL: R49 - Other JEL: R5 - Regional Government Analysis ::JEL: R50 - General ::JEL: R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies ::JEL: R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations ::JEL: R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock ::JEL: R58 - Regional Development Policy ::JEL: R59 - Other OTHER SPECIAL TOPICS (ECONOMICS) JEL: Z SUBCATEGORIES JEL: Z - Other Special Topics JEL: Z0 - General ::JEL: Z00 - General - Cultural Economics ::JEL: Z10 - General ::JEL: Z11 - Economics Of The Arts And Literature ::JEL: Z12 - Religion ::JEL: Z13 - Social Norms and Social Capital ; Social Networks ::JEL: Z19 - Other |
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