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Islamic Fundamentalists





DEFINITIONS

The definition offered by American historian Ira Lapidus, distinguishes between mainstream Islamists and Fundamentalists. Although a fundamentalist may also be an Islamist, a Fundamentalist is "a political individual" in search of a "more original Islam," while the Islamist is pursuing a political agenda. He notes that Islamic fundamentalism "is at best only an umbrella designation for a very wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favourable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent." Lapidus, 823

Author Olivier Roy distinguishes between Fundamentalists (or neo-fundamentalists) and Islamists in describing Fundamentalists as more passionate in their opposition to the perceived "corrupting influence of Western culture," avoiding Western dress, "neckties, laughter, the use of Western forms of salutation, handshakes, applause." While Islamists like
" in Iran have remained Iranian citizens, are required to perform Military Service and to pay the same taxes as Muslims, and have the right to vote (with separate electoral colleges). Similarly, the Afghan Jamaat, in its statutes, has declared it legal in the eyes of Islam to employ non-Muslims as experts,


Other distinctions are in
  • Politics and economics. Islamists often talk of "revolution" and believe "that the society will be Islamized only through social and political action: it is necessary to leave the mosque ..." Fundamentalists are uninterested in revolution, less interested in "modernity or by Western models in politics or economics," and less willing to associate with non-Muslims. Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'', Harvard University Press, 1994. p.82-3, 215

  • Sharia . While both Islamists and Fundamentalists are committed to implementing Sharia law, Islamists "tend to consider it more a project than a corpus."Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'', Harvard University Press, 1994. p.59

  • Issue of women. "Islamist generally tend to favor the education of women and their participation in social and political life: the Islamist woman militates, studies, and has the right to work, but in a Chador . Islamist groups include women's associations." While the Fundamentalist preaches for women to return to the home, Islamism believes it is sufficient that "the sexes be separated in public." Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'', Harvard University Press, 1994. p.p.38, 59



INTERPRETATION OF TEXTS

Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the unadulterated word of God as revealed to Muhammad through the angel Jibril (Archangel Gabriel ).

Islamic fundamentalists, or at least "reformist" fundamentalists, believe Islam is based on the Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah and "criticizes the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices ( Marabout ism, the cult of saints), deviations, and superstitions. It aims to return to the founding texts." Examples of this tendency are the 18th-century Shah Waliullah in India and Abd Al-Wahhab in the Arabian Peninsula. Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'', Harvard University Press, 1994. p.31
This view is commonly associated with Salafism today.


SOCIAL AND POLITICAL GOALS

As with adherents of other Fundamentalist movements, ''Islamic fundamentalists'' hold that the problems of the world stem from Secular influences. Further, the path to peace and Justice lies in a return to the original message of Islam, combined with a scrupulous rejection of all Bid'ah ("religious innovation") and perceived anti-Islamic traditions.

Some scholars of Islam, such as , Volume 11, No. 1 (June 2006)


CONFLICTS WITH THE SECULAR STATE

Islamic fundamentalism's push for Sharia and an Islamic State has come into conflict with conceptions of the Secular , Democratic state, such as the internationally supported Universal Declaration Of Human Rights . Among human rights disputed by fundamentalist Muslims are:
  • the equality of men and women (for example, under Sharia law a "man gets double the share of a woman in inheritance" because "he has much more responsibilities." (sic) The Prophet is said to have told early Muslims 'The best woman is she who, ... when you direct her she obeys." .... EQUALITY AND STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAAM

  • the separation of church and state;

  • Freedom of religion. Muslims who leave Islam, or criticise it, "should be executed", while the right of non-Muslims to convert to Islam is celebrated.


As a result of this sharp conflict, some say that fundamentalist Islam is incompatible with modern Liberal Democratic states.


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CITATIONS


  • Sikand, Yoginder ''Origins and Development of the Tablighi-Jama'at (1920-2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study'', ISBN 81-250-2298-8