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]] Ishmael ( account, he died at the age of 137 (Gn. 25:17). Judaism has generally viewed Ishmael as wicked though repentant. Judaism maintains that Isaac , Abraham's son by Sarah and the father of the Jewish People , rather than Ishmael was the true heir of Abraham. The New Testament contains few references to Ishmael. Biblically, Ishmael is used to symbolize the older - now rejected - Judaic tradition; Isaac symbolizes the new tradition of Christianity. Islamic tradition, however, has a very positive view of Ishmael, giving him a larger and more significant role. The Qur'an views him as a prophet. According to the interpretation of certain early Islamic theologians whose view prevailed later, Ishmael was the actual son that Abraham was called on to sacrifice, as opposed to Isaac. William Montgomery Watt , Encyclopedia Of Islam , ''Ishaq'' Both Jewish and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael as the ancestor of Arab People . ETYMOLOGY AND MEANING Cognates of Hebrew ''Yishm'e'l'' existed in various ancient Semitic cultures. For example, it is known that the name was used in early Babylonian and in Minæan . It is translated literally as " God has heard", suggesting that "a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise." Hebrew Šimʿon is from the same root. HEBREW BIBLE ''See also'': '' Account Of Isaac In The Hebrew Bible '' 's illustrated Bible of 1866.]] Chapters 16-25 of the book of Genesis contain the stories of Ishmael. Historian s and Academic s in the fields of Linguistic s and Source Criticism believe that the stories of Ishmael belong to the three strata of J, or Yahwist source, the P, or Priestly Source , and the E, or Elohist Source (See Documentary Hypothesis ). For example, The narration in is of J type and the narration in is of E type. S. Nikaido(2001), p.1 ;The account of the life of Ishmael according to The Hebrew Bible According to the Bible, Sarah ( Abraham 's wife) was childless, yet desired a son. She offers her maidservant Hagar to Abraham as a surrogate. Customs of the time dictated that, although Hagar was the Birth Mother , any child conceived would belong to Sarah and Abraham. "Hagar." Encyclopædia Britannica . 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Gn 16:2 Hagar became pregnant and proud of herself, which resulted in harsh treatment by Sarah. Hagar fled and ran into the wilderness, where an angel appeared to her by a spring of water. The angel of the Lord told her to return, adding that God would increase her descendants through a son whose name would be Ishmael. The angel told Hagar that Ishmael would become "a wild donkey of a man" and would be in constant struggle with others. So Hagar returned to Abraham's house, and had a son whom she named Ishmael. Abraham was 86 years old when Ishmael was born. Personalities biography of Abraham at Who2, LLC Abraham, obeying God's commandment, circumcised Ishmael when he was thirteen. Jewish Encyclopedia , ''Ishmael'' The next year, Abraham's wife Sarah became pregnant with his second son, Isaac. One day Sarah was angered by seeing Ishmael mocking or playing with Isaac (the Hebrew word is ambiguous Hagar , Jewish Encyclopedia ), Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913) and she asked Abraham to expel him and his mother, saying: "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac." Genesis 21:8-10 Ishmael was very dear to Abraham and he initially refused to do as Sarah asked. He finally gave in to his wife's request when God told him that He would take care of Ishmael, since he was a descendant of Abraham. Genesis 21:11-13 Abraham provided Hagar and her child with bread and a bottle of water and sent her into the desert.Columbia Encyclopedia, ''Ishmael'' Hagar, with her son, wandered in the wilderness and ran out of water. When they were reduced to great distress, an angel appeared and showed Hagar a spring of water saying "What is the matter, Hagar? Do not be afraid; God has heard the boy crying as he lies there. Lift the boy up and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation." Genesis 21:17-21 They lived in the wilderness of Paran, where Hagar's son became an expert in Archery . His mother married him to an Egyptian woman. According to the Bible, Ishmael had 12 sons who became twelve tribal chiefs. The twelve sons of Ishmael, were named Nebaioth , Kedar , Adbeel , Mibsam , Mishma , Dumah , Massa , Hadad , Tema , Jetur , Naphish , and Kedemah (See ) Ishmael's sons settled everywhere from Havilah to Shur , i.e. from Assyria to the border of Egypt. Ishmael also had a daughter named Mahalath who married Esau . Jewish Encyclopedia , ''Mahalath'' . Ishmael also appears with Isaac at the burial of Abraham. Ishmael died at the age of 137. JEWISH TRADITIONS : ''see also'' Hagar In Jewish Mysticism , Isaac In Jewish Traditions Judaism has generally viewed Ishmael as wicked though repentant. According to the Haggadah Ishmael was as an idolater and a "brother-hater, who becomes ill from Sarah's Evil Eye ." Yvonne Domhardt,''"Ishmael, Ishmaelites"'', Brill's New Pauly Ishmael later repents and comes to revere his brother Isaac. In some Rabbinic traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives named Aisha and Fatima. Those names correspond to the Muslim tradition for the names of Muhammad's wife and daughter. This is understood as a metaphoric representation of the Muslim world (first Arabs and then Turks) with Ishmael. Shalom Paul in The Oxford Dictionary of Jewish Religion, p.358 The Israelites regarded the supposedly freedom-loving and bellicose descendants of Ishmael as inferior because Abraham had expelled Ishmael and his mother. NEW TESTAMENT : ''see also'' Hagar In The New Testament , Isaac In New Testament According to the Genesis account, Ishmael and his mother were expelled at the instigation of Sarah, in order to make sure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir. In the is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace (into which her son Isaac enters).Encyclopedia of Christianity(Ed. John Bowden), Isaac ISLAM See Also: Islamic view of Ishmael : ''see also'': Hagar In Islamic Traditions Ishmael (Arabic: ''Ismā'īl'') is a with other prophets "as part of a litany of remembrances in which the pre-Muhammad prophets are praised for their resolute steadfastness and obedience to God, often in the face of adversity." ''Ishmael'', Encyclopedia Of The Qur'an Both Jewish and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael as the ancestor of Arab people. According to the Muslim tradition, Muhammad was a descendant of Ishmael through his son Kedar. Abraham and Ishmael are said to have built the foundations of the Ka'aba ("They were raising the foundations of The House ", 9). Islamic traditions hold that the Ka'aba was first built by the first man, Adam . Abraham and Ishmael rebuilt the Kaaba on the old foundations. Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makkah'', vol. 1, pp. 58-66 The Qur'an states that Abraham was commanded to sacrifice his son. The son is not named in the Qur'an (see 10) and in early Islam , there was a fierce controversy over the son's identity. However the belief later prevailed that the son was Ishmael, and this view is now endorsed by Muslim scholars. The argument of those early scholars who believed in the Ishmael theory was that "the promise to Sarah of Isaac followed by Jacob (11) excluded the possibility of a Sacrifice Of Isaac ." The other party held that the son of sacrifice was Isaac since "God's perfecting his mercy on Abraham and Isaac (in 12) referred to his making Abraham his friend and saving him from the burning bush and to his rescuing Isaac." According to Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan, professors of Religious Studies , the circumcision of Muslims has its roots in the tradition that Ishmael was circumcised. Bruce M Metzger and Michael D Coogan (1993), pp. 329 (Under 'Ishmael'). BAHá'í FAITH The Bahá'í writings state that it was Ishmael, and not Isaac, who was the son of Abraham that was almost sacrificed.13 However, the Bahá'í writings also state that the name is unimportant as either could be used: the importance is that both were symbols of sacrifice.14 The Bahá'í writings also consider Ishmael an ancestor of Muhammad and the Arabs.15 According to Shoghi Effendi , there has also been another Ishmael, this one a prophet of Israel "Concerning the appearance of two Davids; there is a Tablet from 'Abdu'l-Bahá in which He says that just as there have been two Ishmaels, one the son of Abraham, and the other one of the Prophets of Israel, there have appeared two Davids, one the author of the Psalms and father of Solomon, and the other before Moses." (Shoghi Effendi, Dawn of a New Day, pp. 86-87) NOTES REFERENCES ;Books and journals ;Encyclopedias SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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