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Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing Race s Marry . This is a form of Exogamy (marrying outside of one's Social Group ) and can be seen in the broader context of Miscegenation (mixing of different races in marriage, cohabitation, or sexual relations). LEGALITY OF INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE See Also: Anti-miscegenation laws While it is now legal in most countries, certain jurisdictions have had regulations banning or restricting interracial marriage in the past. These included South Africa under Apartheid ; Germany in the Nazi period; and many states of the United States , particularly in the South. In both Nazi Germany and certain American states, such laws have been closely linked to Eugenics programs.http://www.cesame-nm.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=18 UNITED STATES See Also: Race (United States Census) ]] In ''Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem'' (1948), fell. Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the Civil Rights Act Of 1964 . The most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last Anti-miscegenation Laws were struck down in 1967. Interracial marriage between homosexual partners is legally recognised only in the state of Massachusetts . Interracial marriage statistics In 1967, the Supreme Court ruling in '' revealed interracial marriage to be somewhat more widespread, with 2,669,558 interracial marriages recorded, or 4.9% of all marriages. (Here, marriages between South Asians and East/Southeast Asians, two Mixed-race Persons , or where they are the same race but one is Hispanic and the other not, are not counted as interracial.) In 2005 it is believed that 7% of married couples in the US are interracial. In general, the number of Asian and Hispanic marriages and cohabitations are more than whites and blacks. Asian and American Indian Historically, Filipino Americans have frequently married American Indian And Alaskan Native people. In the 17th century, Filipinos were under Spanish rule. The Spanish colonists ordered the Filipinos to trade between the Philippines and the Americas. When Mexico revolted against the Spanish, Filipinos escaped into Mexico, then traveled to Louisiana, where the exclusively male Filipinos married American Indian women. In the 1920s, Filipino American communities grew in Alaska , and Filipino American men married Alaskan Native women. On the west coast, Filipino American s married American Indian women in Bainbridge Island Washington .Color Q World. Asian and Native Intermarriage in the US. September 1, 2006. Asian and White
Black and White William Cohen and journalist Janet Langhart , one of the more prominent interracial couples in the U.S. Langhart is herself biracial.]] Although mixed-race partnering has increased, the United States still shows disparities between African American male and African American female Endogamy statistics. The 1990 census reports that 17.6% of African American marriages occur with White American s. Yet, African American men are 2.5 times more likely to be married to white women than African American women to white men. In the 2000 census, 239,477 African American male to white female and 95,831 white male to African American female marriages were recorded, again showing the 2.5-1 ratio. Asian and Black With African American s and Asian American s, the ratios are even further imbalanced, with 598% more Asian female/Black male marriages than Asian male/Black female marriages. However, C.N. Le estimated that Asian Americans of the 1.5 generation and of the five largest Asian American ethnic groups had black male/Asian female marriages 272% more than Asian male/black Female relationships. Even though the disparity between Black and Asian interracial marriages by gender is high according to the 2000 US Census, the total numbers of Asian/Black interracial marriages are low, numbering only 2.2% percent for Asian male marriages and 10.2% percent of Asian female marriages, partially contributed by the recent flux of Asian immigrants. Filipinos appear to be the Asian group most likely to marry African-Americans. Historically, Chinese American men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation , many Chinese people immigrated to the American South, particularly Arkansas , to work on plantations. The tenth US Census of Louisiana counted 57% of interracial marriages between these Chinese American s to be with African American s and 43% to be with White American women. After the Chinese Exclusion Act , Chinese American men had fewer potential Chinese American wives, so they increasingly married African American women on the west coast.Color Q World. September 1, 2006. Chinese Blacks in the United States . In Jamaica and other Caribbean nations as well many Chinese males over past generations took up Black female wifes gradually assimilating or absorbing many Chinese descendants into the black community or the overall mixed-race community. White and American Indian The interracial disparity for American Indians is low. According to the 1990 US Census (which only counts indigenous people with US-government-recognized tribal affiliation), American Indian women intermarried White American s 2% more than American Indian men married White women.U.S. Bureau of the Census. Race of Wife by Race of Husband. 1998. July 29, 2006. Marriage squeeze A new term has arisen to describe the social phenomenon of the so-called "marriage squeeze" for African American females.Crowder, Kyle D, and Stewart E. Tolnay. "A New Marriage Squeeze for Black Women: The Role of Racial Intermarriage by Black Men." 2000. August 14, 2006. The marriage squeeze refers to the belief that the most eligible and desirable African American men are marrying non-African American women, leaving those African American women who wish to marry African American men with fewer partnering options. According to Newsweek, 43% of black women between the ages of 30-34 have never been married.Razib. Gene Expression. The Black Gender Gap. 2003. November 5, 2006. Several explanations of this phenomenon have been advanced. In part it may be due to relatively fewer European American men being attracted to African American women, perhaps due to differences in appearance or social status, or as a result of the lingering effects of social ostracism, to which past White American men who have historically pursued relationships with African American women were heavily subjected,Miller, Candace. [http://www.webcom.com/intvoice/candace.html Interracial Voice. Sauce for the Goose. 2001. August 14, 2006. although today one in five white Americans would seriously consider marrying across the color line nonetheless. It may also be the result of a desire among African American women to marry African American men due to concepts such as racial loyalty, and the internalized stereotypical belief that non-African American men would not find them attractive. There is also the lingering belief that negative social stereotypes preclude them being viewed as anything but sexual objects by non-African American men. Lastly, there is a desire among educated women of all races to "marry up" or at least within their social and economic class. With the great disparity that exists between African American women and African American men in this respect, black women often face either "marrying down" or not marrying at all, when they choose to restrict their marriage prospects to African American men.Melendez, Michele M. ''The San Diego Union-Tribune''. Education is changing the face of wedded life. 2004. August 14, 2006. Another confounding factor for African American women may be the disproportionate mortality rate between men and women in the black community: there are only approximately 85 males for every 100 females by the time they reach their child-bearing years. Education and interracial marriage Using PUMS data from both the 1980 and 1990 US Census to determine trends within interracial marriage among White American s, African American s, Hispanic Or Latinos , and Asian American s, it may be seen that Endogamy (marrying within race) was more prevalent for African American men at lower education levels. In 1980, the numbers were as follows: African American males without a high-school diploma participated in endogamy at 96.5%; for those who received a high-school diploma, 95.6%; for those with a college degree and above, the percentage of endogamy dropped to 94.0%. However, the rates for African American women changed very little with different educational levels. For the African American woman who had not received a high school diploma the rate was 98.7%, high school diploma was 98.6%, with some college it was 98.2%, and college degree or higher, 98.5%. During this time there was a significant increase in marriages between whites and African Americans, maintaining that African Americans are most likely to marry whites over other groups. The 1990 results show that rates of endogamy dropped for both males and females, albeit more for the African American male. In 1990, an African American male with a college degree and more was participating in endogamy at 90.4%; for an African American female with the same educational level, 96.4%. The results for the propensity of individuals at higher educational attainment levels to participate less in endogamy over the 10-year period were similar across races, including whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Immigrants and interracial marriage It is found that racial Endogamy is much stronger for immigrants as compared to natives; it is 4.9 times more likely for immigrants of African descent than for African Americans. Additionally, immigrants of African descent have the highest rates of endogamy of immigrants. Also, African immigrants are much more likely to marry other same-race immigrants and African Americans, than to out-marry racially. Native-born White Americans are also 1.6 times more likely to marry a native-born African American than an immigrant of African descent. Female immigrants of African descent are generally more likely to marry native-born whites than their male counterparts. Cohabitation and interracial marriage The number of black men and white female marriages are 2.5 times more than the reverse. Also, Cohabitatation are 3.3 times more than the reverse. Research yields that 7% of married Black American men are with white wives and 15% of African American men cohabit with white women. UNITED KINGDOM See Also: United Kingdom Census 2001 As of 2001, 2% of all UK marriages are inter-ethnic. Despite having a much lower non-white population (9%), mixed marriages are as common as in the United States . For example, Black British men are significantly more likely to have non-black wives than African American men; 18% of UK black African husbands, 29% of UK black Caribbean husbands, and 48% of other Black British husbands have a wife from a different ethnic group. National Statistics. Inter-ethnic Marriage. 2001. August 14, 2005. Inter-Ethnic Marriage: 2% of all marriages are inter-ethnic . Interracial marriage disparities for certain groups A similar trend can be seen in the UK. According to the males were around 50% more likely than black females to marry outside their race, whereas British Chinese women (30%) were twice as likely as their male counterparts (15%) to marry someone from a different ethnic group. Among British Asian s ( South Asia ns), Pakistan i and Bangladesh i males were twice as likely to to have an inter-ethnic marriage than their female counterparts, while India n and "Other Asian" males were more likely to have an inter-ethnic marriage than their female counterparts by a smaller percentage. Case of Seretse Khama In 1948, an international incident was created when the British government took exception to the marriage of Seretse Khama , ''kgosi'' (king) of the Bamangwato people of what was then the British Protectorate of Bechuanaland , to an English woman, Ruth Williams , whom he had met while studying law in London. The interracial marriage sparked a furor among both the tribal elders of the Bamangwato and the Apartheid government of South Africa , who could not afford to have an interracial couple ruling just across their northern border, and who therefore immediately exerted pressure to have Khama removed from his chieftainship. Britain’s Labour government, then heavily in debt from World War II , could not afford to lose cheap South African gold and uranium supplies. There was also a fear that South Africa might take more direct action against Bechuanaland, through economic sanctions or a military incursion. 2 3 "Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the Secretary Of State For Commonwealth Relations pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'." |
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