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The of Russia . The direct Romanization of the republic's Russian name is ''Respublika Ingushetiya''. The name Ingushetia''', derives from the Georgian name for the Republic, which is ''Ingusheti'', meaning "(land) where the ''Ingush'' live". GEOGRAPHY Ingushetia is situated on the northern slopes of the Caucasus .
Time zone Ingushetia is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD). Rivers Major rivers include: Mountains A 150 km stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic. Natural resources Ingushetia is rich in Timber , Rare Metal s, Oil , and Natural Gas reserves. Climate Climate of Ingushetia is mostly continental.
ETHNICITY
The Ingush are an and speak the Ingush Language , which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen . DEMOGRAPHICS See Also: Ingush people
According to the 2002 Russian Census (2002) , ethnic Ingushes make up 77.3% of the republic's population. Other groups include Chechens (20.4%), Russians (1.2%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS See Also: Administrative divisions of Ingushetia EARLY INGUSH HISTORY
MODERN INGUSH HISTORY Ingushes are known by the following names: Ghalghai, Gelgai, Kist, Koost, Amazons, Gergar, Narts, Gegar, Dzoordzook, Glivi, Ongusht, Alans, Galash, Tsori, Jairakh, Khamhoi, Metshal, Fyappi, and Nyasareth. 3 The history of the Ingush is closely related to that of the Chechens . From the 9th to the 12th centuries, Georgian missionaries partially Christianized the Ingushes. The remains of several temples, notably the Tkha-bya-Yer-d (the temple of 2000) the Al-Bee-Yer-d can be found in Ingushetia. Ingushes reverted to Islam in the beginning of the 19th century with the help of a Chechen Islamic scholar Shaikh -Kunta-Khadzhi Kishiev who brought peaceful teaching of Islam . Ingushes readily accepted the religion. Russian historians claim that Ingushes willfully came under Russian rule in 1810 . However, the reality was very different. Russian Barron Rozen on 29 June 1832 reported in the letter to Count Chernishevski that "on the 23-d of this month I exterminated eight Ingush villages. On the 24-th near Targim I exterminated nine more villages" (No.42). 12 November 1836 Barron Rozen in letter No.560 claimed that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kistin, and Ghalghai were "partially subdued". The colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians started in the middle of the 19th century. Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis No.436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful: Ingush village Ghazhien-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Assinovskaya in 1847. Ingush village Ebarg-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Troitskaya in 1847. Ingush town Dibir-Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Sleptsovskaya in 1847. Ingush village Magomet-Khite was renamed to Stanitsa Voznesenskaya in 1847. Ingush village Akhi-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Sunzhenskaya in 1859. Ingush village Ongusht was renamed to Stanitsa Tarskaya in 1859. Ingush town Ildir-Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Karabulakskaya in 1859. Ingush village Alkhaste was renamed to Stanitsa Feldmarshalskaya in 1860. Ingush village Tauzen-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1861. Ingush village Sholkhi was renamed to Khutor Tarski in 1867."''' The Russians also built the fortress Vladikavkaz (ruler of the Caucasus) on the place of Ingush village of Zaur. Russian General and Cossaks . Some Ingushes fell for the trap and willingly went into exile to deserted territory in the Middle East where majority of them died and the rest were Assimilated . It was estimated that 80% of Ingushes left Ingushetia in 1865. After the Russian Revolution Of 1917 the Ingushes were promissed that their villages and towns will be returned back. The Soviets lied and confiscated the remaining Ingush properties and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. In 1944 near the end of World War II Ingushes and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia with great loss of life - an estimated two thirds (In 2006 European Parliament classified the deportation of 1944 as Genocide ). They were Rehabilitate d in the 1950s , after the death of Stalin , and were allowed to return home in 1957 . However, much of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia . The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their houses back from the Ossetians and Russians . It all led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny in 1975. The protesters were crushed by the Soviet troops with extreme prejudice. In 1991 Chechnya declared independence from Russia. The Ingushes' choice was to remain in Russia to peacefully resolve the conflict with Ossetia . They were also hoping that Russians will return their land back for their loyalty to Russia. However, it seems that politicians in Ossetia and Russia had other plans. By repeatedly killing of Ingush civilians in Ossetia they fueled the rebelion in 1992. The violence flared during the Ossetian-Ingush Conflict in late October 1992 when another Ethnic Cleansing of Ingush population started. Sixty thousands of Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia.4. As the result of the conflict Ruslan Aushev was appointed as the first president of Ingushetia. Partial stability returned under his rule in Ingushetia. In 1995 when the first Russo-Chechenian war started the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN per every citizen of Ingushetia there was one refugee from Ossetia and Chechnya . This created a tremendous problem for the economy. It collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more misery to Ingushetia. In 2001 President Aushev was forced to leave his presidency. A new president Murat Zyazikov a former KGB general took his place. The situation worsened under his rule and continues to decline. Hundreds of young Ingush men are abducted by Russian and Ossetian Death Squad s yearly. The Ingush mountains are closed for Ingush nationals. Ingushetia is now surrounded by lawless Chechnya on the East, blocked by Ossetians on the West, and by Russian and Ossetian boardguard FSB troops on the South. The number of Terrorist Attacks in Ingushetia on the rise especially after the number of Russian security forces were tippled. According to Russian news agency GAZETA.RU the murder of an ethnic- Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was done by two ethnic- Russians and an ethnic- Ossetian soldiers. The Police detective I.Mezhoev of Ingushetia who solved the crime was shot at and badly wounded by "unknown" assailants.5 MILITARY HISTORY OF INGUSHETIA In all of recorded history and reconstructable prehistory the , August 25th, 1915".8 In 1941, when Germans attacked the USSR, the whole Russian front was retreating 40 km a day. Out of 6,500 defenders of Brest Fortress 6000 Soviet troops capitulated. 500 troops were fresh conscripts of Ingush and Chechen origin. Defenders held the fortress for over a month against the Germans. They even managed to stage several attacks from the Fortress. The last defender's name has been unknown for a long time. Recently, the memoirs of Stankus Antanas, a Lithuanian national and former Waffen SS officer, were published in Ingushetia. He recalls that in July 1941, his regiment was ordered to "finish off" the remaining Soviet soldiers in the fortress. When the Nazis decided that no defenders had been left alive, a Waffen SS general lined up his soldiers on the parade ground to award them with decorations for capturing the fortress. Then a tall and smart Red Army officer came out from the fortress's underground bunker. "He was blind because of his wounds and walked with his left arm extended forward. His right hand rested on a gun holster. He walked along the parade grounds wearing a ragged uniform, but his head was held high. The entire division was shocked at the sight. Approaching a shell-hole, he turned his face toward the west. The German general suddenly saluted this last defender of the Brest Fortress, and the rest of the officers followed suit. The Red Army officer drew a handgun and shot himself in the head. He fell on the ground facing Germany. A deep-drawn sigh aired over the parade grounds," Antanas recounts. "We all stood 'frozen' in awe of this brave man." His documents identified him as a man called Barkhanoyev. Decades later, official records revealed it was Umatgirei Barkhanoyev from the Ingush village of Yandare9. Hitler and Mussolini personally visited the ruins of the Fortress after it was captured. In 1994-1996 Ingush volunteers fought alongside Chechens in the Russian-Chechen war. Ingushetia kept out of the war by determined non-violence10. In response to an escalation in attacks by insurgents, Moscow in late July 2007 sent in an additional 2,500 interior ministry troops, almost tripling the number of special forces in Ingushetia. 11 POLITICS The head of government and the highest executive post in Ingushetia is the President . Recent presidents :
Recent Chairmen of the Government:
The Parliament of the Republic is the People's Assembly comprising 34 deputees elected for a four year term. The People's Assembly is headed by the Chairman. As of 2006, the Chairman of the People's Assembly is Makhmud Sultanovich Sakalov . The Constitution Of Ingushetia was adopted on February 27 , 1994 . Ingushetia is a member of the Unrepresented Nations And Peoples Organisation . The capital was moved from Nazran to Magas in December 2002. ECONOMY There are some natural resources in Ingushetia: Mineral Water in Achaluki, Oil and Natural Gas in Malgobek, Forests in Dzheirakh, Metals in Galashki. The local government is considering the development of Tourism however this is problematic due to the standoff between NATO and Russia in the region. RELIGION Most Ingush people are Sunni Muslims of various Sufi orders. SEE ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
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