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A hybrid vehicle (HV) is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehical such as:



HISTORY

One of the earliest hybrid vehicles were simply boats with both sails and oars, such as the Greek/Phoenician Trireme Warships . These used a sail for traveling with the wind, and the oars for when there was insufficient wind, or in circumstances that the sail was unfavorable (such as naval combat, in the case of the triremes).


HYBRID TYPES BY VEHICLE



Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles

Moped s and Electric Bicycles are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an Internal Combustion Engine or Electric Motor and the rider's muscles.

  • In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured models are of this type. See Motorized Bicycles , Mopeds and 1 for more information.


  • In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a Chainless Bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are not yet commercially available. They will become feasible if extremely high-efficiency generators and motors are available at competitive prices, especially for recumbent bicycles and tandems, where problems associated with the complexity of a long chain drive can be avoided. 2 .


::The first known prototype and publication of a SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Müller designed a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built a SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a s and Quadricycle s. [http://mypage.bluewin.ch/fuchsbau/Fuchs2006.pdf]


Heavy vehicles

Hybrid Power Train s are used for Diesel-electric or Turbo-electric railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile Hydraulic Machinery , and ships. Some form of heat engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump which power one or several electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements especially when multiple drives - e.g. driven wheels or propellers - are required. There are disadvantages due to the power lost in the double conversion. With large vehicles the advantages often outweigh especially as the relative conversion losses decrease with size. Generally there is no or relatively little energy storage capacity, e.g. auxiliary and emergency batteries and Hydraulic Accumulator s.


HYBRID TYPES BY ENGINES



Hybrid-electric petroleum vehicles