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BACKGROUND: THE PERIOD OF PRAKRITS AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT (DATES ARE APPROXIMATE)

  • 750 BCE: Gradual emergence of post-vedic Sanskrit

  • 500 BCE: Prakrit texts of Buddhists and Jains originate (Eastern India)

  • 400 BCE: Panini composes his formal Sanskrit grammar (Western "India" then --- now probably in modern Afghanistan or Pakistan), reflecting transition from Vedic to formal Paninian Sanskrit

  • 322 BCE: Brahmi script inscriptions by Mauryas in Prakrit (Pali)

  • 250 BCE: Classical Sanskrit emerges. Rao

  • 100 BCE-100 CE: Sanskrit gradually replaces Prakrit in inscriptions

  • 320: The Gupta or Siddha-matrika script emerges.



APABHRAMSHA S AND EMERGENCE OF OLD HINDI




DECLINE OF APABHRAMSHA AND EMERGENCE OF MODERN HINDI


  • 1283: Amir Khusro 's pahelis and mukaris. Uses term "Hindavi"

  • 1398-1518: Kabir 's works mark origin of "Nirguna-Bhakti" period

  • 1370-: Love-story period originated by "Hansavali" of Asahat

  • 1400-1479: Raighu : last of the great Apabhramsha poets

  • 1450: "Saguna Bhakti" period starts with Ramananda

  • 1580: Early Dakkhini work "Kalmitul-hakayat" of Burhanuddin Janam

  • 1585: "Bhaktamal" of Nabhadas: an account of Hindi Bhakta-poets

  • 1601: "Ardha-Kathanak" by Banarasidas , first autobiography in Hindi

  • 1604: " Adi Granth " a compilation of works of many poets by Guru Arjan Dev.

  • 1532-1623: Tulsidas , author of "Ramacharita Manasa".

  • 1623: "Gora-badal ki katha" of Jatmal, first book in Khari Boli dialect (now the standard dialect)

  • 1643: "Reeti" poetry tradition commences according to Ramchandra Shukla

  • 1645: Shahjahan builds Delhi fort, language in the locality starts to be termed Urdu .

  • 1667-1707: Vali's compositions become popular, Urdu starts replacing Persian among Delhi nobility. It is often called "Hindi" by Sauda, Meer etc.

  • 1600-1825: Poets (Bihari to Padmakar) supported by rulers of Orchha and other domains.



MODERN HINDI LITERATURE EMERGES




OUR AGE


  • 1949: Official Language Act makes the use of Hindi in Central Government Offices mandatory

  • 1949-50: Hindi accepted as the "official language of the Union" in the constitution. Debates a, b, c.

  • 1952: The Basic Principles Committee of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan recommends that Urdu be the state language.

  • 1965: Opposition to "Blind Hindi-imposition by Congress" in Tamilnadu, where Tamil- the predominant Dravidian Language, lives brings DMK to power.Congress lost its base.

  • 1975: English medium private schools start asserting themselves socially, politically, financially Hook .

  • 1985-6: Devanagari word processor, Devyani DTP software, both from Dataflow (?).

  • 1987-88: Frans Velthuis creates Devanagari metafont. Mehta

  • 1990: According to World Almanac and Book of Facts Hindi-Urdu has passed English (and Spanish) to become the second most widely spoken language in the world Hook .

  • 1991: ITRANS encoding scheme developed by Avinash Chopde allows Hindi documents in Roman and Devanagari on the Internet.

  • 1997: Prime Minister Deve Gowda emphasises promotion of Hindi and the regional languages, having himself learned Hindi recently.

  • 1997: Hindi Newspaper Nai Dunia on the web (January) (Or was Milap first?)

  • 1998: Thiru Karunanidhi, the DMK leader, recites a Hindi verse during a political campaign, indicating a change in views.



SEE ALSO



REFERENCES

''This chronology, compiled by Wikipedia Editor Prof. Yashwant Malaiya (Malaiya), has reproduced with his permission.''

development in Hindi, with many period extracts. (Accessed Mar 16, 2006).