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ORIGINS


Some traditions associate the origins of Hatha Yoga with Goraknāth , a yogin of the 10th/11th century CE but the oldest surviving comprehensive text of Hatha Yoga is the Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Yogi Swatmarama . This work is nonetheless derived from older Sanskrit texts on Yoga besides Yogi Swatmarama's own yogic experiences. It includes information about Shatkarma , Asana , Pranayama , Chakras , Kundalini , Bandhas , Kriyas , Shakti , Nadis , and Mudras among other topics.

Many modern schools of Hatha Yoga derive from the school of Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya , who taught from 1924 until his death in 1989. Among his students prominent in popularizing Yoga in the West were Sri K. Pattabhi Jois , famous for popularizing the vigorous Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga style, B.K.S. Iyengar who emphasizes alignment and the use of props, Indra Devi and Krishnamacharya's son T.K.V. Desikachar who developed the Viniyoga style. Desikachar founded the Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram in Chennai , with the aim of making available the heritage of yoga as taught by Krishnamacharya.

Another major stream of influence was Swami Sivananda of Rishikesh (1887-1963) and his many disciples, including Swami Vishnu-Devananda - founder of International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, Swami Satyananda - of the Bihar School of Yoga, and Swami Satchidananda - of Integral Yoga, among others.


CONCEPT

Traditional Hatha Yoga is a holistic yogic path, including moral disciplines, physical exercises (e.g., Asana s (postures) and Pranayama (breath control)), and Meditation . The Hatha yoga predominantly practiced in the West consists of mostly Asana s (postures) and exercise.

Hatha Yoga is one of the two branches of ).

Hatha represents opposing energies: hot and cold (fire and water, following the same concept as the yin-yang), male and female, positive and negative. Hatha yoga attempts to balance mind and body via physical exercises, or "asanas", controlled breathing, and the calming of the mind through relaxation and meditation. Asanas teach poise, balance & strength and are practiced to improve the body's physical health and clear the mind in preparation for meditation in the pursuit of enlightenment.

The Yoga of Patanjali is Ashtanga or composed of 8 limbs, Yama and Niyama, which are ethical obligations, Asana , Pranayama , which is breath control, Pratyahara , which is sense withdrawal, Dharana , which is concentration, Dhyana , which is meditation, and Samadhi , which is the experience of unity with God.Mayo, DeBarra, Runner's World Yoga Book II, (1983) Chapter 1, The Origin and Nature of Yoga, pages 13-16 ISBN 0-89037-274-8. The eight limbs are more precisely viewed as eight levels of progress, each level providing benefits in and of itself and also laying the foundation for the higher levels.

NOTE: In some schools of thought, only Raja Yoga is considered to be Ashtanga Yoga, and Hatha Yoga is thought to consist of six limbs focused on attaining Kundalini . In this scheme, the six limbs of Hatha Yoga are defined as Yama , Niyama , Asana , Pranayama , Mudra (specific postures to help lock in the breath), Nadanusandhana (hearing of the eternal sound within the body), the whole process cultiminating in the attainment of Kundalini . Due to this, this version of Hatha yoga is also sometimes referred to as Kundalini Yoga .


YAMA AND NIYAMA

See Also: Yamas
niyama



Yama is a "moral restraint" or rule for living virtuously. Ten ''yamas'' are codified in numerous scriptures, including the Hatha Yoga Pradipika compiled by Yogi Swatmarama , while Patanjali lists five ''yamas'', and five '' Niyama s'' (disciplines) in the Yoga Sutra .

The ten traditional yamas are: himalayanacademy.com Accessed October 2, 2006

  • Ahimsa : Nonviolence. Abstinence from injury, or harm to any living creature in thought, word, or deed. This is the "main" Yama. The other nine are there in support of its accomplishment.

  • Satya : Truthfulness in word and thought (in conformity with the facts).

  • Asteya : No stealing, no coveting, no entering into debt.

  • Brahmacharya : Divine conduct, continence, celibate when single, faithful when married.

  • Kshama: Patience, releasing time, functioning in the now.

  • Dhriti: Steadfastness, overcoming non-perseverance, fear, and indecision; seeing each task through to completion.

  • Daya : Compassion; conquering callous, cruel and insensitive feelings toward all beings.

  • Arjava: Honesty, straightforwardness, renouncing deception and wrongdoing.

  • Mitahara: Moderate appetite, neither eating too much nor too little; nor consuming meat, fish, shellfish, fowl or eggs.

  • Shaucha: Purity, avoidance of impurity in body, mind and speech.


Patanjali's five ''yamas'', or moral restraints, are ahimsa (non-injury), satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (continence or chastity) and aparagriha (abstinence from avarice). He also lists five ''niyamas'', or disciplines, which include shauca (purity), samtosha (contentment), tapas (asceticism), Svadhyaya (study), and ishvara-pranidhana (devotion to the Lord). Muktibodhananda, Swami. (1985). Hatha Yoga Pradipika. New Delhi India: Thomson Press India, for The Yoga Publications Trust.


ASANAS (POSTURES)

See Also: Asana



Asanas are contemplative in nature and were originally intuited by yogis during Meditation ; the Kundalini naturally brings forth these postures or movements, called Kriyas , during deep meditation. These movements are meant to help to remove blockages (disease) in the Causal , subtle, and physical bodies.

In the ancient author Patanjali 's work, Asana is classified as the third rung of 8 in the ladder of the practice of Raja Yoga.

Hatha yoga in the west primarily concerns itself with Asanas or postures.


PRANAYAMA (BREATHING)

See Also: Pranayama


The words 'Prana' (life-force) and 'Ayama' (to prolong or regulate) make up Pranayama. Pranayama seeks to control & regulate the breath. In one variation, the Rechak (exhaled air),
Poorak (inhalation) and Kumbhak (Retention during normal inhaling and exhaling) are the 3 parts of the breath that are regulated. Pranayama is practiced to develop mental, physical and spiritual strength. Though the beginner's Pranayama is relatively harmless, safely progressing to more advanced practices requires the guidance of a knowledgeable teacher.


GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR ASANA


Listed below are traditional directions for performing Hatha Yoga.

  • A glass of fresh water should be taken before performing the asanas.

  • Stomach should be empty. Asanas can be performed 8 hours after a meal, 2 hours after a glass of milk and one hour after eating fruit.

  • Always perform asanas early in the morning. If this is not possible, the next best time would be evening around dusk.

  • Rich, left-over, very dry or hot, or too much food should be avoided.

  • Force or pressure should not be used while performing asanas.

  • One must not go out in the cold after performing asanas.

  • Lower the head and other parts of the body slowly; in particular, raised heels should be lowered slowly.

  • The breathing should be controlled and should always be through the nose. The benefits of asanas increase if pranayama is performed simultaneously.

  • If the body is stressed, perform Shavasana .

  • Asanas should be performed in a well-lit, clean and ventilated room. The atmosphere should be peaceful.

  • Light physical exercises, followed by yogasana, pranayama and meditation is the ideal sequence.

  • Yogasanas, especially inverted poses, are to be avoided during menstruation. In contrast, modern teachers do recommend Yogasana for relief from cramps during this period. Although it is traditionally taught not to invert against the flow, there is no medical evidence supporting the statements on the reference site link. The only condition that might be worsened by inversions during the menses is Endometriosis and even this is said to be unsupported medically. {Link without Title} .

  • During pregnancy, after the first 3 months, exercises that require lying on stomach are to be avoided. (Inverted poses should be avoided especially in the third trimester - This site recommends it for pregnancy {Link without Title} ''- not too sure, clarification requested.''). Seasoned yoginis (female practitioners) can invert the entire time during pregnancy. It is not recommended for new practitioners as they are not physically accustomed to the subtle adjustments necessary to align and lift against gravity - with the additional weight and pressure on the diaphragm, even if they have the ability to align, they might not be able to breathe effectively. Rule of thumb for pregnancy: "When in doubt, don't."



HEALTH BENEFITS ASCRIBED TO YOGASANA PRACTICE

Different asanas are recommended by practitioners to cure or prevent problems ranging from constipation to cancer. It is known to reduce stress and other mental worries.

See Yoga (alternative Medicine)


ETYMOLOGY

Hatha yoga, pronounced {Link without Title} , is also known as hatha vidya or the "science of hatha" yoga. The word Hatha comes from combining the two sanskrit terms "ha" meaning sun and "tha" meaning moon. The word "ha" refers to the solar Nadi (pingala) in the Subtle Body and "tha" the lunar channel (ida).


IN THE WEST

See Also: Yoga as exercise


The 2005 "Yoga in America" survey, conducted by Yoga Journal , shows that the number of practitioners in the US increased to 16.5 million with the 18-24 age group showing a 46% increase in one year.
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