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, 1909.]] ''Hansel and Gretel'' () is a Fairy Tale of Germanic origin, adapted by the Brothers Grimm and earlier by Giambattista Basile . PLOT SYNOPSIS Hansel and Gretel are the children of a poor woodcutter. Fearing starvation, the wood cutter's wife (variously called the children's mother or stepmother), convinces him to lead the children into the forest and abandon them there. Hansel and Gretel hear her plan and gather white pebbles to leave themselves a trail home. After their return, their mother again convinces the wood cutter to abandon them; this time however, they can only leave a trail of breadcrumbs. Unfortunately, the various animals of the woods eat their trail of breadcrumbs causing Hansel and Gretel to become lost. Lost in the forest, they find a house made of Bread (later versions call it Gingerbread ), with sugar windows, which they begin to eat. The inhabitant of the house, who is an old woman, invites them in and prepares a feast for them. The woman, however, is a witch who has built the house to entice children to her, so that she may fatten and eat them. She cages Hansel, and makes Gretel her servant. While she prepares to cook Hansel, she tells Gretel to climb into an oven to be sure it is ready to bake; but Gretel guesses that the witch intends to bake her, and tricks the witch into climbing into the oven, closing it behind her. Taking jewels from the witch's house, they set off for home to be reunited with their father, whose wife has since died of evilness. "Then all anxiety was at an end, and they lived together in perfect happiness." ANALYSIS The tale as we know it from Brothers Grimm was meant to be a pleasant fable for middle-class consumers of the 19th century; the original however was probably an admonishment of the hardships of medieval life.George Gordon Coulton (1989). ''The Medieval Village''. Page 326 Because of episodes of Famine , war, plague and other reasons, abandoning children in the woods to die or fend for themselves was not unknown, in particular during the Crisis Of The Late Middle Ages . Many critics have posited that the tale likely stemmed from historical instances of abandonment caused by famine; see the works of Jack Zipes and Maria Tatar for example.Maria Tatar, ''The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales'', p49, ISBN 0-691-06722-8 , with the obvious message of not accepting the seeming generosity of strangers. In the first editions of the Grimms' collection, there was no stepmother; the mother persuaded the father to abandon their own children. This change, as in '' Snow White '', appears to be a deliberate toning down of the unpleasantness, for children.Maria Tatar, p 45, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', ISBN 0-393-05163-3 That the mother or stepmother happens to die when the children have killed the witch has suggested to many commentators that the mother or stepmother and the witch are, in fact, the same woman, or at least that an identity between them is strongly hinted at. Max Lüthi, ''Once Upon A Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales'', p 64, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., New York, 1970 Indeed, a Russian folk tale exists in which the evil stepmother (also the wife of a poor woodcutter) asks her hated stepdaughter to go into the forest to borrow a light from her sister, who turns out to be Baba Yaga - who, though her house is anything but enticing, is also a cannibalistic witch. Besides the stories highlighting the endangering the children- and indeed their cleverness- they have in common a preoccupation with food: the stepmother to avoid hunger, and the witch with her house built of food and her desire to eat the children.Maria Tatar, p 57, ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'', ISBN 0-393-05163-3 The tale is ''.Paul Delarue, ''The Borzoi Book of French Folk-Tales'', p 365, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York 1956 Although they are not classified under this type, the Brothers Grimm identified the French '' Finette Cendron '' and '' Hop O' My Thumb '' as parallels to the story.Maria Tatar, ''The Annotated Brothers Grimm'', p 72 ISBN 0-393-05848-4 The basic elements are found in tales throughout the world, although their simplicity makes it hard to tell whether a given instance is a borrowing or an independent invention. Stith Thompson, ''The Folktale'', p 36-7, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977 NOTABLE DERIVATIVES
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