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Negation is indicated by a
Circumfix ''n(d)(V)-...-(r)i'' in Guaraní. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is ''nd-'' for oral bases and'' n-'' for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an
Epenthetic ''e'' is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic ''a'' is inserted.
The postverbal portion is ''-ri'' for bases ending in ''-i'', and ''-i'' for all others
The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by ''mo'ã'', resulting in ''n(d)''(V)''-base-mo'ã-i'' as in ''Ndajapomo'ãi'', "I won't do it".
- -: marks proximity of the action. ''Ha'ukuri'', "I just ate" (''ha'u'' irregular first person singular form of ''u'', "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, ''ha che kuri, che po'a'', "and about what happened to me, I was lucky"
- -: indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really truth. ''Okañyva'ekue'', "he/she went missing a long time ago"
- -: tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. ''Nde rejoguara'e peteĩ ta'angambyry pyahu'', "so then you bought a new television after all"
- -: expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. ''Peẽ peikoraka'e Asunción-pe'', "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with ''ra'e'' and ''va'ekue''
The verb form without suffixes at all is a Present somewhat Aorist : ''Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry'', "that day you got out and you went far"
- -: is a Future of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian Imperative . ''Oujeýta ag̃aite'', "he/she'll come back soon".
- -: has the meaning of "already". ''Ajapóma'', "I already did it".
These two suffixes can be added together: ''ahátama'', "I'm already going"
- -: indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponds to the German Modal Verb ''sollen''. ''Péa ojejapova'erã'', "that must be done"
- -: indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in certain way with the Subjunctive of Spanish . ''Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape'', "the children are probably coming home now"
- -, ''ína'' after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. ''Rojatapyhína'', "we're making fire"; ''che ha'ehína'', "it's ME!"
- -: it has a subtle difference with ''hína'' in which ''vo'' indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. ''amba'apóvo'', "I'm working (not necessarily now)"
- -: indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. ''Ajukapota'', "I'm near the edge in which I will start to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in "po", the suffix changes to ''mbota''; ''ajapombota'', "I'll do it right now")
- -: indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. ''Amboparapa pe ogyke'', "I painted the wall completely"
This suffix can be joined with ''ma'', making up ''páma'': ''ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimo'ã'', "now we became to know all your thought". These are unstressed suffixes: ''ta'', ''ma'', ''ne'', ''vo''; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb.
The words that English has borrowed from Guaraní (or maybe from its close brother,
Tupi ) are mostly names of animals. "Jaguar" comes from ''jaguarete'' and "
Piranha " comes from ''pira aña''. Other words are: "agouti" from ''akuti'' and "tapir" from ''tapira''. The name Paraguay is itself a Guaraní word, as (probably) is the name Uruguay.
