The (GPEW) is the principal
Green political party in
England And Wales . The party is unrepresented in the
House Of Commons , but has a
Life Peer within the
House Of Lords and members have been elected to the
European Parliament , the
London Assembly and in
Local Government .
It is affiliated with the
Global Greens and the
European Green Party , and has cordial and friendly relations with the
Scottish Green Party and the
Green Party Of Northern Ireland .
An article on overpopulation expert
Paul R. Ehrlich in ''
Playboy Magazine '' inspired Tony Whittacker, an ex-
Conservative Party activist from Coventry, to convene the 'Club of Thirteen' with his wife Lesley and others. Though many in the 'Club' were wary of forming a political party, one of the world's earliest Green parties was formed in Coventry during
1973 as , with the first edition of the ''
Manifesto For A Sustainable Society '' as its statement of policies, inspired by ''
Blueprint For Survival '' (published by ''
The Ecologist '' magazine). The editor of ''The Ecologist'',
Edward 'Teddy' Goldsmith , merged his 'Movement for Survival' with PEOPLE. Goldsmith became the leading member of the new party in the 1970sWall, Derek, ''Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: An Illustrated History of the Green Party'', 1994.
Derek Wall , in his history of the Green Party, maintains that the new political movement focused initially on the theme of survival, which shaped the "bleak evolution" of the nascent ecological party during the 1970s. Furthermore, the effect of the "revolution of values" during the 1960s would come later. In Wall's eyes, the Party suffered from a lack of media attention and "opposition from many environmentalists", which contrasted the experience of other emerging Green Parties, like Germany's
Die Grünen . Nonetheless, PEOPLE invested much of its resources in engaging with the indifferent environmental movement, which Wall calls a "tactical mistake"..
Nonetheless, membership rose and the Party contested both 1974 General Elections. In the
February 1974 General Election , PEOPLE won 4,576 votes in 7 seats. Following the election, an influx of left-wing activists took PEOPLE in a more left-wing direction, causing something of a split. This affected preparations for the
October 1974 General Election , where PEOPLE's average vote fell to just 0.7%. The Whittackers and many of the founding members left the Party after further internal debates, although, before becoming inactive, Lesley Whittacker suggested changing the name to 'The Ecology Party' in order to gain more recognition as the Party of environmental concern.
The Party officially changed its name to the in
1975 . However, the Party was in danger of collapse. The 1976 and 1977 Local Elections would, nevertheless, improve the fortunes of the re-named Party, which gained three councillors.
At the 1977 Party Conference in Birmingham, the Party's first constitution was ratified and
Jonathon Porritt was elected to the Ecology Party National Executive Committee (NEC). Porritt would become the Party's most significant public figure, working, with
David Fleming , "to provide the Party with an attractive image and effective organisation".
With Porritt gaining increasing prominence and an election manifesto called ''The Real Alternative'', the Ecology Party fielded 53 candidates in the
1979 General Election , entitling them to radio and television election broadcasts. Though many considered this a gamble, the plan, encouraged by Porritt, worked, as the Party received 39,918 votes (an average of 1.5%) and membership multiplied from around 500 to 5,000 or more. This, Derek Wall notes, meant that the Ecology Party "became the fourth Party in UK politics, ahead of the National Front and Socialist Unity".
Following this electoral success, the Party introduced Annual Spring Conferences to accompany Autumn Conferences, and a process of building up a large policy of document began, culminated in today's '' camp. The Party also became increasingly
Feminist .
Due to the recession causing the marginalisation of Green issues,
Roy Jenkins leaving the
Labour Party to form the
Social Democratic Party (SDP), and the inability of the Party to absorb the rapid increase in membership, the early 1980s were extremely tough for the Ecology Party. Nonetheless, the Party were well prepared for the
1983 General Election , spurred on by the success of
Die Grünen in Germany. In the 1983 election, the Ecology Party stood over 100 candidates and gained 54,299 votes.
The party formally became the at the Party Conference in Dover during
1985 after
John Abineri , formerly an actor in the BBC series ''
Survivors '', and Chris Rose, suggested adding the colour 'Green' to the name to fall in line with other environmental parties in Europe.
In 1986, a new internal dispute arose within the Party. A faction calling itself the 'Party Organisation Working Group' (POWG) proposed constitutional amendments designed to create a streamlined, two-tier structure to govern the internal workings of the Party. Decentralists voted these proposals down.
Paul Ekins and
Jonathan Tyler , prominent Party activists and leading members of POWG, then formed a semi-covert group called 'Maingreen', whose private comments, on becoming public knowledge, suggested to many that they wished to take control of the Party. Tyler and Ekins resigned and left the Party but
Derek Wall describes how the "wounds" left by the 'Maingreen Affair' lingered on in the heated internal debates of the late 1980s.
Meanwhile, the Party gained ground electorally. The
1987 General Election saw the 133 Greens standing for office take 89,753 votes (1.3% on average), an improvement on 1983. The next two years would see growing membership and increasing media attention. This coincided with greater concern over the environment following the
Chernobyl Disaster in 1986 and concern over
CFCs .
The Party enjoyed evermore success. The 'Campaign for Real Democracy' launched by the Party allowed it to play a part in the
Anti-Poll Tax Campaign . The Party's greatest ever success came at
1989 European Elections , where the Green Party won 2,292,695 votes and received 15% of the overall vote. European Elections in Great Britain were then run on a
First-past-the-post basis, whilst the three seats in Northern Ireland were elected by
Single Transferable Vote , and the party failed to gain any seats. According to Derek Wall, the Party would have gained 12 seats if they had been running in other European countries who employed
Proportional Representation .
Wall explains this "breakthrough" as a combination of the declining popularity of
Margaret Thatcher , the reaction to the
Poll Tax ,
Conservative opposition to the
European Union , ineffective
Labour Party and
Liberal Democrat campaigns and a well-prepared Green Party campaign. That environmental issues were very prominent in UK politics at the time should also be added to this list. At no time before or since have Green issues been so high on the minds of UK voters as a voting issue.
{Link without Title} MORI Polling Trends data
As a result of this success,
Sara Parkin and
David Icke rose to prominence in the UK media. Parkin especially was in demand as a Green spokeswoman. However, the new media attention was not always handled well by the party as a whole. In the run up to the 1989 party conference, the party attracted criticism for advocating population cuts'Greens propose 20 million cut in population', The Guardian, 18 September 1989, proposals which were subsequently rejected. Further controversies included Derek Wall's intervention as a maverick 'Green fundamentalist''Triumph for Fundies hits Green Party', Daily Mail, 21 September 1989 and rejection of possible alliances to establish PR.'Parkin is defeated over pre-election pact to achieve PR.
Mainstream political parties were however alarmed by the Green's electoral performance and adopted some 'Green policies' in an attempt to counter the threat.
, 2006]]
In the 1990s, the Scottish and Northern Ireland wings of the
Green Party in the United Kingdom decided to separate amicably from the party in England and Wales, to form the and the '''
Green Party In Northern Ireland '''. The
Wales Green Party became an autonomous regional party and remained within the new '''Green Party of England and Wales'''.
In 1991 Green Party spokesman and TV sports presenter
David Icke created considerable embarrassment for the Party when he revealed his extreme spiritual beliefs, announcing that he believed himself to be "a son of God", that Britain was about to suffer apopolyptic earthquakes and tidal waves and that
Armageddon was approaching. Ronson, Jon.
"David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews" (video), Channel 4 Television, retrieved May 22, 2006. Many believe that he suffered from some form of mental illness that led to his espousal of such theories. He would subsequently be forced to leave the Party.
Internal divisions over the direction of the party in the early 1990s also meant that the Green Party fell out of the limelight and failed to maintain its electoral momentum. In 1991, attempts to streamline the Party Constitution were proposed by a group called '
Green 2000 ', who wanted to 'modernise' the Party and make it into an organised electoral force that could become the ruling party in the UK by the year 2000. After the Green 2000 Constitution was adopted, a new Executive came into force to oversee the day-to-day business of the Party. Many Green 2000 members were elected to the new Executive in 1991 but, by 1992, only two remained, with the others resigning or being recalled and forced to quit. These internal constitutional wranglings, and negative public statements released by supporters of both Green 2000 and decentralists who ran the recall campaigns, seriously hampered preparations for the
1992 General Election , in which 253 Green candidates received 1.3% of the vote. Parkin and Porritt left active involvement with the party, depriving it of two of its most charismatic and ambitious figures.
After 1992, the Greens have been relatively free of any factionalism. Nonetheless, the early and mid 1990s were difficult for the Greens, because of Britain's
First-past-the-post Electoral System , the recession of 1992-3 and the squeeze caused by the rising popularity of
New Labour . Nevertheless, the party gained a handful of local councillors in
Stroud and
Oxford
The election of a Labour government in 1997 paradoxically created new opportunities and focus for the Green Party. New democratic institions were created that offered electoral possibilities for the Greens, such as the
London Assembly and
Welsh Assembly (and for the independent
Scottish Green Party , the
Scottish Parliament ) all of which use some form of
Proportional Representation , allowing smaller parties the chance of gaining representation. Labour also changed European Parliamentary elections to a form of proportional representation.
Combined with gradual council gains, the party has quietly gained successes.
In the 1999 European elections, two Greens were elected , despite a reduction in number of seats available. Overall, the Party gained 1,033,093 votes in the 2004 European election
Green Party Website .
However the Greens have not yet managed to breakthrough into other European electoral regions or the
Welsh Assembly .
Three Greens were elected to the first
London Assembly . It currently has two Green Party members out of 25. These are Cllr.
Darren Johnson AM, and Cllr.
Jenny Jones AM.
The Green Party achieved its highest ever UK General Election result in the
2005 General Election with a total of 281,780 votes. During the 2005 General Election, Cllr.
Keith Taylor received 22% in
Brighton Pavilion .
The Party has 110
Local Councillors elected, making a gain of 20 councillors and no losses during the
2006 Local Elections , and a gain of 17 councillors during the
2007 Local Elections . The Greens have significant representation on
Brighton & Hove City Council ,
Lancaster City Council ,
Norwich ,
Lewisham ,
Oxford City Council ,
Oxfordshire County Council ,
Kirklees Council and
Stroud District Council . The Green Party form part of the ruling coalition that controls
Lancaster City Council alongside the
Liberal Democrats and
Labour and
Castle Morpeth Council as part of an all party administration.
The Green Party of England and Wales has one member of the (unelected)
House Of Lords , the Upper Chamber of Parliament,
Lord Beaumont Of Whitley .
According to MORI, Green issues are currently rated as importantly as during the Green Party's last high point in the late 1980s. Coupled with record local candidate numbers
Big challenge from small parties, BBC News website and electoral support,
The Green Party launch local election campaign from Milbank, Green Party website the mid part of the current decade could be seen as marking a rennaissance of the Green Party of England and Wales.
The Green Party was founded to counter what they see as the threats to the environment and that remains its main focus. Like other parties, it produces a new manifesto for each election, but it also maintains a long-term strategy known as the ''
Manifesto For A Sustainable Society (MfSS) ''. This document contains the ''Philosophical Basis'' and a statement of the ''Core Values'' of the Green Party, as well as its detailed policies on a range of issues. The document is around 124,520 words long
Young Greens (youth section of the Green Party of England and Wales) Policy Website . However, it is not very widely read and contains several policies that are much more radical than anything that other parties in Britain propose
Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website .
The Green Party is opposed to all
Animal Experiments and believes in replacing them with non-animal alternatives. It also wants to end
Factory Farming . The Party seeks to ban
Live Export s,
Genetic Manipulation ,
Patenting Of Animals ,
Bloodsports ,
Badger-baiting ,
Circuses ,
Zoos and
Fur Products .
They support the subsidisation of
Organic Farming in small
Free-range units and want to phase out all forms of
Intensive Farming , including
Fish Farms . The Party are against the production and importation of
Genetically-modified (GM) Foods . They support
Fair Trade over
Free Trade . The Party encourages a reduction in the consumption of meat and promotes "more healthy and humane" foods.
The Green Party have a twelve-point plan to deal with
Climate Change . It supports the ratification of the
Kyoto Protocol but does not see that as anything more than a first step. It is strongly behind the '
Contraction And Convergence ' model as a method of reducing carbon emissions. Within Britain it supports
Tradable Carbon Quotas . A proportion of the quotas would be distributed on a per head basis. The remainder would be sold to firms and organizations. The quotas would be reduced on a year by year basis in line with the 'Contraction and Convergence' model
Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website: Climate Change Section of the ''Manifesto for a Sustainable Society (MfSS)'' .
The party have set a goal of 90% carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 2050. They believe in scrapping the national roadbuilding programme and investing the estimated £30bn from the programme in green transport. They wish to end the £9bn annual tax break to the aviation industry by 2010 and pass the Air Traffic Emissions Reduction Bill, aiming for 50% CO2 reductions in aviation by 2050. The Party are strictly against the use of
Nuclear Energy because they believe it is too expensive, too much of security risk and that it uses huge amounts of carbon dioxide in the extraction and production process, and is therefore an unsuitable response to
Climate Change .
Green Party states that "the prohibition of drugs doesn't work". They support the legalisation of the possession, trade and cultivation of
Cannabis . Furthermore, the Party would decriminalise small-scale possession of
Recreational Drugs like
Ecstasy and gradually move towards the legalisation of all recreational drugs. It hopes that this would "take the drug trade out of criminal control and place it within a regulated and controlled legal environment". The Party has run a Green Party Drugs Group Website to promote research into ending addiction and safe use of recreational drugs
Green Party Drugs Group Website . In addition, the Party want to ban advertising or sponsorship by alcohol and tobacco firms.
Like many Green parties, the Green Party of England and Wales does not consider
Economic Growth to be the only or the best indicator of progress, as it believes that endless growth is incompatible with a planet of finite resources. They are against mass consumption and destructive consumer lifestyles and hope to encourage an economy that is built on
Sustainability and long-term use
Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website .
The Party supports economic localisation on grounds of environmental concern, social justice and democracy, as detailed in ''Green Alternatives to Globalisation: A Manifesto'', the book by Dr.
Caroline Lucas , MEP, and the late Dr.
Mike Woodin , two former
Principal Speaker s of the party. This includes helping local businesses through subsidies and import tariffs, "democratisation" of the banking system with the creation of a "network of publicly owned community banks", and encouragement of an informal economy where money is less important
Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website .
The Green Party seek to address the 'Poverty Trap' by introducing a "Citizen’s Income" (also known as a
Citizen's Dividend and similar to the
Basic Income ), an unconditional, non means-tested, weekly payment made to every citizen whether they are working or not. This would replace benefits such as Job Seeker’s Allowance, as well as replacing personal tax-free allowances. The Party hope that this would ensure that people can take a job and come off benefits without falling into the Poverty Trap, and make working part-time or becoming self-employed easier by eliminating the Poverty Trap.
Clive Lord , a member of the Green Party of England and Wales, published ''A Citizen's Income'', a book that sets out how to fund the Citizen's Income with an increase to the top bracket of
Income Tax . Lord suggests that the Citizen's Income is a means by which to achieve prosperity within a zero-growth economyLord, C., ''A Citizen's Income'', 2003.
On taxation, the Green Party believe in increasing the top rate of Income Tax to make the system more redistributive. It is in favour of a more progressive system of
Corporation Tax to encourage small businesses over large corporations. They support
Eco-taxes , such as those on packaging and carbon emissions, along the lines of the
'polluter Pays' Principle . Also, the Party wants an increase in
Trade Union rights and the
Renationalisation of the railways, water, electricity, gas and post office
Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website .
The party is moderately
Eurosceptic and supports UK membership of the
European Union subject to democratic reform. It opposes the
Euro on economic localisation and democracy grounds, and was also against the proposed
EU Constitution for similar reasons. It favours the disbandment of
NATO , and its replacement by a well-resourced
OSCE Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website .
The Green Party wants "to modernise and decentralise" the current governmental system in England and Wales. It wants to end the place of the
Monarchy in the British constitution and replace the
House Of Lords with an elected second chamber
1. The party supports elected
Regional Assemblies in England and the creation of more
Parish and
Community Councils . On issues of voting, the Green Party is campaigning to introduce
Proportional Representation (specifically the
Additional Member System (AMS) used in
Welsh Assembly and
Scottish Parliament elections) and reduce the voting age to 16.
It is usually to be found on the civil liberties side of the liberties versus security debate and opposes the national ID cards and
New Labour's anti-terror legislation. It is strongly opposed to measures like the
Legislative And Regulatory Reform Act Green Party of England and Wales Policy Website .
The Green Party would increase funding to and reform the
United Nations by abolishing the right of veto and democratising the
UN Security Council . They would ban
Arms Exports and the use of depleted Uranium-tipped shells. Regarding the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict , the Party believes in boycotting Israel until it complies with the 80
UN Resolutions it is defying, whilst urging Palestinians "not to perpetuate the cycle of violence".
The party opposed the
2 - a rare stance in Britain. Although they supported "self-determination" for the Kosovo Albanians, they did not support independence for Kosovo, and stated that the media had both exaggerated the crimes of the Serbs and ignored the crimes of the
Kosovo Liberation Army .
The Green Party supports the right to asylum and "seeks to change negative attitudes and stereotypes associated with refugees". The party concentrates on the causes of immigration, aiming "to alleviate problems caused by war, the arms trade, environmental devastation, past colonial actions and human rights abuses".
The Green Party meets to vote on issues of organisation and policy at bi-annual Party Conferences (the Spring Conference and Autumn Conference). It is bound by a Constitution, which can only be amended by a two-thirds majority vote at one of these Conferences; policy motions need only a simple majority (more than 50%).
See Also: Principal Speakers
The Green Party has consciously chosen not to have a single leader for ideological reasons; its organisation provides for two
Principal Speakers , a Male and Female
Principal Speaker , who sit but do not vote on the party's Executive (GPEx).
The party is currently having a leadership referendum to ballot its entire membership on the question of creating a Leader and Deputy Leader (or, if candidates choose to run together and are gender balanced, Co-Leaders without a Deputy Leader), who would be elected every two years (instead of annually) and able to vote on GPEx. The results will be announced at the end of November 2007 after a "full party-wide debate" between May and November 2007
Green Yes Website - Copy of the Full Motion to Conference on Creating a Leader and Deputy Leader or Co-Leaders .
The current
Principal Speaker s are
Siân Berry (who succeeded Dr.
Caroline Lucas MEP in November 2006), and Dr.
Derek Wall , who succeeded
Keith Taylor , a councillor in
Brighton & Hove , in November 2006 (
Taylor had been elected in
2004 after the death of Dr.
Mike Woodin )
Green Party Website Press Release 24th November 2006 - ''Siân Berry and Dr. Derek Wall elected as Principal Speakers'' .
The national Green Party Executive (GPEx) is comprised of the following positions:
For the purposes of its registration with the , AM, was elected to be the party's nominee in the event of the party again being asked, but this was too late for the current round.
GPEx positions are elected annually by a postal ballot of all party members or by a vote at Conference (depending on the number of candidates). To become a member of the Executive, the candidate must have been a member of the party for at least two years. Members of GPEx are individually responsible for every action taken within their area of responsibility (except decisions taken collectively within GPEx itself). The Female and Male
Principal Speaker s are non-voting members of the Executive. GPEx meets at least once every six weeks, and whenever a meeting is necessary.
The Executive has the power to create committees and posts "it considers necessary for the efficient conduct of its business". It appoints a Panel of Speakers as spokespeople for policy areas, a Treasurer and the National Election Agent. GPEx is responsible for implementing the decisions made at Conferences, and controlling expenditure and fundraising.
The Green Party Regional Council (GPRC) is a body that coordinates discussions between Regional Green Parties. It supports the Executive (GPEx) and is responsible for interim policy statements between Conferences and enforcing constitutional procedures
Green Party Constitution (only available to party members from the Members' Website or the Policy Coordinator .
Each Regional Green Party elects two members by postal ballot to be sent to the GPRC. These delegates' terms last two years before re-election. GPRC meets at least four times a year. The Council elects Male and Female Co-Chairs and a Secretary. GPEx members are often required to give reports on their area of responsibility to the GPRC; the GPRC also has the power to recall any member of GPEx (by a two-thirds majority vote), who is then suspended until a re-election for the post is held; similarly, if GPEx suspends one of its own members, GPRC has the authority to decide whether that member should be reinstated or not (again, by a two-thirds majority vote).
The Green Party of England and Wales holds a Spring and Autumn Conference every year. Conferences are governed by the Constitution and Standing Orders, and feature votes on policy and organisational matters. The Autumn Conference is the party's "supreme forum", with elections to GPEx, committees and other bodies; the Conference held in the Spring, although having the same powers as the Autumn Conference on policy and organisational votes, only holds elections for vacant posts and can have its priorities decided by the preceding Autumn Conference. The conference itself is organised by Conferences Committee, but the Standing Order Committee (SOC) is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and arranging the order of business..
The Green Party Conference features fringes, talks and plenary sessions. The agenda for plenary sessions is usually:
- Section A - Reports from various bodies within the party, including SOC, GPEx, GPRC and others
- Section B - Policy Voting Papers (a motion, either submitted by members or chosen by the Policy Committee, which submits a section of the Manifesto For A Sustainable Society (MfSS) for review and amendments, which are then voted on)
- Section C - Policy Motions (motions from members on different sections of the MfSS, but also including those which express a policy position without altering the MfSS, and Enabling Motions, which start the process of building policy on a specified area)
- Section D - Organisational Motions (motions from members that amend the Constitution)
Policy making within the GPEW is a long process that involves consultation with various bodies and individuals. The party has released leaflets and books on how to properly amend policy.
The Constitution of the Green Party of England and Wales governs all of the party's activities, from the selection of election candidates by local parties, to nominations for the
House Of Lords , to the conduct of GPEx and so on. The Constitution stresses "openness, accountability and confidentiality" in its decision-making guidelines. It can be amended only by a two-thirds majority vote at a Conference or by a two thirds majority in ballot of the membership.
See Also: Wales Green Party
Unlike any other regional party within the Green Party, the Wales Green Party (WGP) (''Plaid Werdd Cymru'' in Welsh) is a "semi-autonomous regional party" within the GPEW. It has greater control over its finances, and produces its own manifesto and newsletters. Wales Green Party members are automatically members of the Green Party of England and Wales.
Also differently from the full party, the Wales Green Party (and the North West region of England) elects a
Principal Speaker who may refer to themselves as the 'Leader' of the Wales Green Party, although, like the Green Party's Principal Speakers, they have no powers of leadership. The current leader of the Wales Green Party is
Ann Were Wales Green Party Website .
See Also: Young Greens of England and Wales
The youth wing of the Green Party, the ''Young Greens'' (''of England and Wales''), have developed independently from around 2002. The Young Greens have their own Constitution, National Committee, campaigns and meetings, and have become an active presence at Green Party Conferences and election campaigns. There are now many Young Greens groups on UK university, college and higher education institution campuses. Several Green Party Councillors are Young Greens, as are some members of GPEx and other internal party organs
Young Greens Website .
According to 2006 accounts filed with the
Electoral Commission it had a membership of 7,019 (a decrease of 91 on the previous year) at year-end and had an income of £426,445 with expenditure of £278,415
Green Party Report to the Electoral Commission 2005 (PDF File) .
Several groups are active within the party. These include groups designed to address certain areas of policy or representation, including a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGTB) Group
Green Party LGBT Group Website , a Trade Union Group, a Drugs Group (on drugs policy and research) and others. faction called
Green 2000 aimed to achieve a Green Party government by the year 2000, but this group disbanded in the 1990s.
