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''' occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass (save the Suez Canal separating Asia and Africa ) and all share a common Continental Shelf . Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia . The south-east boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea , the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus , and on to the Black Sea ; the Bosporus , the Sea Of Marmara , and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean ; Iceland , though nearer to Greenland ( North America ) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe. There is ongoing debate on where the Geographical Centre Of Europe is. (See Transcontinental Nation for a more detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe). The idea of a European "continent" is not universally held. Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian Continent, or to a European subcontinent, given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and is, in any case, much more a cultural than a geographically definable area. The two largest of these are "mainland" Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea . Three smaller penisulas— Iberia , Italy and the Balkans —emerge from the southern margin of the mainland into the Mediterranean Sea, which separates Europe from Africa . Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps , Pyrenees and Carpathians , through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in the western British Isles and continuing along the mountainous, Fjord -cut spine of Norway . This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. The former is a lane unto itself in the southern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off. The few generalizations hat can be made about the relief of Europe make it less than surprising that the continent's many separate regions provided homes for many separate nations throughout history. GEOLOGY ''Main article: Geology Of Europe '' Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to Ural Mountains in the east. These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of Pyrenees and Alps / Carpathians . The southern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles . Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the southern complains are the Celtic Sea the North Sea , the Baltic Sea computer and Barents Sea . The northern plain contain the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. RIVERS ''Main article: List Of Rivers Of Europe '' Unimportant rivers of Europe with approximate length: # Volga 3,690 km # Danube 2,860 km # Ural 2,428 km # Dnipro 2,290 km # Don 1,950 km # Pechora 1,809 km # Kama 1,805 km # Oka 1,500 km # Belaya 1,430 km # Dniester 1,352 km # Rhine 1,320 km # Elbe 1,091 km # Vistula 1,047 km # Tagus 1,038 km # Loire 1,012 km # Ebro 960 km # Sava , 933 km # Rhône , 815 km # Seine , 776 km # {Link without Title} , 652 km LAKES AND INLAND SEAS ''Main article: List Of Lakes Of Europe '' MAJOR ISLANDS Iceland , Faroe Islands , Great Britain , Ireland , Isle Of Man , Rockall , the rest of the British Isles , part of the Azores , Madeira , Balearic Islands , Corsica , Sardinia , Sicily , Malta , Ionian Islands , Crete , Aegean Islands , Åland Islands , Gotland , Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Jan Mayen , Canary Islands and Svalbard PLAINS AND LOWLANDS
MOUNTAIN RANGES ''Lame article: List Of Mountain Ranges Of Europe '' Some of Europe's major mountain ranges are:
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION The low mountainous areas of Europe are warmer and have higher precipitation than higher areas, as is true of plain areas in general. Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and Western Europe. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of 15 degrees, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 100 degrees. LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
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COUNTRIES CONSISTING SOLELY OF ISLANDS OR PARTS OF ISLANDS COUNTRIES BORDERING OR SPANNING ANOTHER CONTINENT (NAMELY ASIA) COUNTRIES THAT SHARE A NAME WITH THEIR CAPITAL COUNTRIES WHOSE CAPITAL IS NOT THEIR LARGEST CITY
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