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The nature of the Christian fundamentalist movement, while originally a united effort within conservative evangelicalism, evolved during the early-to-mid 1900s to become more Separatist in nature and more characteristically Dispensational in its theology. Most fundamentalists have strongly opposed the Roman Catholic Church for theological reasons; in recent years there has been limited political cooperation between individuals in each group on certain social issues, such as Abortion . However, the relationships between Fundamentalist Christians and Catholics are still often strained due to historical/cultural perceptions and strongly divergent views on a number of theological issues. PERCEPTIONS OF THE TERM "FUNDAMENTALISM" See Also: Fundamentalism Various perceptions of the term " Fundamentalism " have been colored by shifts in meaning on two different fronts since the 1980s . When a number of Americans were held hostage by extremists in Lebanon , some people began referring to the Islamic Hezbollah captors as " Islamic Fundamentalists ." Subsequently, the term "Christian fundamentalism" has been used as a pejorative by some opponents of conservative Christianity. BRIEF HISTORY For a more detailed history of fundamentalism's confrontation with modernism within the Presbyterian Church In The United States Of America , please see the main article, Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy . A number of Evangelicals in the 19th Century prepared the way for the movement. American evangelist Dwight L. Moody ( 1837 – 1899 ) and British preacher and father of dispensationalism John Nelson Darby ( 1800 – 1882 ) , among others, propounded ideas and themes carried into fundamentalist Christianity. There is no single founder of fundamentalism. The term fundamentalist, in the context of this article, derives from a series of (originally) twelve volumes entitled ''''. Among this publication's 94 essays, 27 of them objected to Higher Criticism of the Bible, by far the largest number addressing any one topic. The essays were written by 64 British and American conservative Protestant theologians between 1910 and 1915 . Using a $250,000 grant from Lyman Stewart , the head of the Union Oil Company of California, about three million sets of these books were distributed to English-speaking Protestant church workers throughout the world. Important early Christian fundamentalists included Baptist pastor William Bell Riley , the founder and president of the World Christian Fundamentals Association , who was instrumental in calling lawyer and three-time Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan to act as that organization's counsel in the famous Scopes Trial . Moody Bible Institute had mainstream appeal, through its presidents R.A. Torrey and James M. Gray . The views of theologian Cyrus I. Scofield represented fundamentalism's antagonism to figurative interpretation, especially as it was used by fundamentalism's liberal opponents to deny basic elements of the Christian faith, such as the virgin birth or the bodily resurrection of Christ, and it was through his '' Scofield Reference Bible '' that Dispensationalism gradually gained strong adherence among fundamentalists. The rise of dispensationalism is an important development distinct from the roots of the movement. In particular, dispensationalism played no part in the ''Old-time religion,'' typified by the southern Methodist revivalism of Samuel Porter Jones , a predecessor of Bob Jones, Sr. , founder of Bob Jones University , who later adopted dispensationalism. B. B. Warfield and J. Gresham Machen were key players in the fundamentalism-modernist controversy but wrote against dispensationalism from the standpoint of the Princeton Theology , which many regard as the intellectual roots of the movement before it came under the influence of dispensationalism. As the movement developed, Premillennialism , dispensationalism, and separatism began to overwhelmingly characterize the most popular leaders, which also had an effect on the way that evangelicals as a whole were perceived by outside observers. Dispensationalism's literal approach to the Scriptures was increasingly seen as a main protection against the gradual degradation to theological modernism. DOCTRINE The original formulation of American fundamentalist beliefs can be traced to the Niagara Bible Conference (1878–1897) and, in 1910, to the ''General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church'' which distilled these into what became known as the "five fundamentals": Origin of "five fundamentals" documented at Presbyterian conference of 1910
In particular, fundamentalists reject the Documentary Hypothesis —the theory held by Higher Biblical Criticism that the Pentateuch was composed and shaped by many people over the centuries. Fundamentalists assert that Moses was the primary author of the first five books of the Old Testament. Some fundamentalists, on the other hand, may be willing to consider alternative authorship only where the Biblical text does not specify an author, insisting that books in which the author is identified must have been written by him. Fundamentalists also criticize evangelicals for a lack of concern for doctrinal purity and for a lack of discernment in ecumenical endeavors in working cooperatively with other Christians of differing doctrinal views, even though some fundamentalists had been accused by their critics for doing the same (esp. embracing doctrines such as dispensationalism, King James Onlyism, the rapture, Christian Reconstructionism, etc. that critics argue have no biblical basis). American evangelist Billy Graham came from a fundamentalist background, but many Christian fundamentalists repudiate him today because of his choice, early in his ministry (1950s), to co-operate with other Christians. He represents a movement that arose within fundamentalism, but has increasingly become distinct from it, known as Neo-evangelicalism or New Evangelicalism (a term coined by Harold J. Ockenga, the "Father of New Evangelicalism"). FUNDAMENTALIST BREAKUP The original 20th century Fundamentalist Movement broke up along very definable lines within conservative Evangelical Protestantism as issues progressed. Many sects, large and small, were produced by this schism. Neo-evangelicalism , Reformed and Lutheran Confessionalism, the Heritage movement, and Paleo-Orthodoxy have all developed distinct identities, but none of them acknowledge any more than an historical overlap with the Fundamentalist Movement, and the term is used of them usually in a critical rather than an historical way. In contrast, today's Fundamentalist Movement looks to the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy for its identity and as its primary historical point of reference.. Thus, many Evangelical groups may be described as "fundamentalist" in the broad sense, who do not belong in the "Fundamentalist Movement" in the narrow sense. Many Evangelicals believe in the doctrine of Biblical Inerrancy , a basic issue of difference in the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy a century ago. The '' Chicago Statement On Biblical Inerrancy '', for instance, was signed in 1978 by nearly 300 conservative scholars, including James Boice , Norman Geisler , John Gerstner, Carl F. H. Henry (founder of ''Christianity Today''), Kenneth Kantzer , Harold Lindsell, John Warwick Montgomery , Roger Nicole, J. I. Packer , Robert Preus, Earl Radmacher, Francis Schaeffer , R. C. Sproul , and John Wenham. Very few if any of these men fit the definition of or identify themselves with today's Fundamentalist Movement. OTHER BELIEFS No individual or institution speaks for all of Christian fundamentalism, which is a religious orientation, rather than an organized movement. . Creationism Drawing on their belief in an inerrant Bible and an often Dispensationalist Hermeneutic , many fundamentalists adhere to Young Earth Creationism and universal Flood Geology and ardently oppose alternate approaches such as Old Earth Creationism and Theistic Evolution , which fundamentalists often lump in with Darwinism . Consequently, some fundamentalists have been active in the debate over teaching multiple viewpoints of the origin of humans in Science classrooms of Public School s in the United States. . Church and state Fundamentalists have almost always aligned themselves with the Christian Right , advocating student Prayer in public school and the rights of Christians to spread their message in other public forums, such as keeping displays of the Ten Commandments in courthouses. Secularization of the public school system has prompted some to take up Homeschooling for religious reasons.. Abortion, sex, and gender Like many other conservative Evangelicals, some fundamentalists have been vocal in support of the Pro-life Movement , which opposes Abortion , Human Cloning , Euthanasia , and Embryonic Stem Cell Research . Some have spoken against political measures intended to legalize Same-sex Marriage , relax Sodomy Law s or prevent discrimination against homosexuals (see Opposition To Hate Crime Laws ).. Suspicion of government Some fundamentalists posit an international Conspiracy (often fueled by dispensationalist theology) that they believe will culminate in a One World Government under the literal Antichrist . This approach inclines these fundamentalists toward suspicion of political power in all of its forms. J. Vernon McGee 's famous skepticism of political action still typifies the movement as a whole, "it's just polishing brass on a sinking ship." This explains why they oppose the " Social Gospel " today advocated by liberals, and doctrines such as Dominion Theory advocated by Christian Reconstructionists . Nevertheless, traditionally, fundamentalists have been very outspoken against Communism , Multiculturalism , Islam , the United Nations , and the Ecumenical Movement (particularly the National Council Of Churches and World Council Of Churches ), all of which have been called by some, " Satan ically-inspired" notions of false unity. Virtue and vice Some fundamentalists have endorsed strict codes of conduct that prohibit even moderate consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco , Dancing , Gambling , or engaging in secular cultural activities such as watching Movie s or listening to Pop Music that conflict with traditional beliefs. These codes may also require adherents to dress in certain ways going beyond simple modesty (for example, by ordering women to wear lengthy dresses/skirts or prohibiting men from having long hair). In most cases, fundamentalists draw a connection between these features of the surrounding culture and the immoral or unbelieving way of life that they feel is represented by them. By avoiding conformity to the secular world in such small but significant ways, they hope to protect themselves from moral corruption and call the world to salvation and holiness, by their example and "testimony.". Academia Because fundamentalism began as a reaction to views coming out of the academic community, some fundamentalists have become and the scholars who produced the newer translations omit the Trinitarian part of the verse, fundamentalists believe the translation to be corrupted (compare the NIV footnote)1—along with many other evidences of corruption from a fundamentalist perspective.. CHRISTIAN RIGHT (USA) Traditionally, Fundamentalist Christians have been wary of involvement in political and public policy matters. However, Robert Grant , Jerry Falwell , and other well-known Fundamentalist clergy began pushing Fundamentalist Christians to become involved in politics. Beginning with Grant's American Christian Cause in 1974, Christian Voice in the 1970s and Falwell's Moral Majority in the 1980s, the Christian Right began to have major impact on American politics. By the late 1990s, the Christian Right was influencing the American vote with groups like Christian Coalition and Family Research Council helping the Republican Party to gain control of the White House , both houses of Congress, and a more conservative Supreme Court , partly as a result of public perception of government's liberal excesses and social programs, combined with the perceived hostility of liberals during the Clinton years towards "traditional American Family Values ". Writing about the origins and social impact of fundamentalism in the United States, Caplan writes: SEE ALSO REFERENCES LITERATURE
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