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Promotion and relegation are determined by final league positions, but to sustain interest for more clubs over the length of the season one promotion place from each division is decided according to a playoff between four clubs, which takes place at the end of the season. It is therefore possible for a team finishing sixth in the Championship or League One, or seventh in League Two, to be promoted rather than the clubs finishing immediately above them in the standings. Three professional football clubs from Wales, Cardiff City , Wrexham , and Swansea City , play in The Football League. This disqualifies them from participation in the League Of Wales and the Welsh Cup , and so also deprives them of the chance to qualify for UEFA competitions by this route. One English club, Berwick Rangers , plays in the Scottish Football League System . Reserve teams of Football League clubs usually play in the Pontin's Holidays League (for the Midlands and North) or the Pontin's Holidays Combination (for the South). Cup The Football League organises two knockout cup competitions, the Football League Cup (currently called the ''Carling Cup'') and the Football League Trophy (or for sponsorship reasons, the Johnstone's Paint Trophy). The League Cup was established in 1960 and is open to all Football League and Premier League clubs, with the winner eligible to participate in the UEFA Cup . The Football League Trophy is for clubs belonging to League One and League Two and the Football League celebrated its 100th birthday in 1988 with a Centenary Tournament at Wembley between 16 of its member clubs. HISTORY After four years of debate, The Football Association finally legalised professionalism on 20 July 1885 . Before that date many clubs made illegal payments to "professional" players to boost the competitiveness of their teams, arousing the contempt of those clubs abiding by the laws of the amateur Football Association code. As more and more clubs became professional the ad-hoc fixture list of FA Cup, inter-county, and 'friendly' matches was seen by many as an unreliable stream of revenue, and ways were considered of ensuring a consistent income. A Scottish draper and director of Aston Villa , William McGregor , was the first to set out to bring some order to a chaotic world where clubs arranged their own fixtures. On 2 March 1888 , he wrote to the Blackburn Rovers , Bolton Wanderers , Preston North End , West Bromwich Albion and to the secretary of Aston Villa about the formation of a football league. The first meeting was held at Anderson's Hotel in London on 23 March 1888 on the eve of the FA Cup Final with the name of the Football League being settled at a further meeting on 17 April at Manchester's Royal Hotel. The first season of the Football League began a few months later on 8 September with 12 member clubs. Each club played the other twice, once at home and once away, and two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw. This points system was not agreed upon until after the season had started; the alternative proposal was one point for a win only. Preston won the first league title without losing a game, and completed the first league-cup Double by also taking the FA Cup . Every original Football League club has at least one relegation to their credit, unlike some European leagues such as Spain , Scotland or Republic Of Ireland . The early years of the League saw the addition of more clubs, and a new Second Division was formed in 1892 with the absorption of the rival Football Alliance . The bottom clubs of the lower division were required to apply for re-election to the League at the end of each season. Automatic promotion and relegation for two clubs was introduced after the League expanded to two divisions of eighteen in 1898; this came into effect when the previous system of Test Match es between the bottom two clubs of the First Division and the top two clubs of the Second Division was brought in to disrepute when Stoke and Burnley colluded in the final match to ensure they were both in the First Division the next season. Aston Villa and Sunderland dominated the early years of the game, but after a few years other northern clubs began to catch up, with the likes of Newcastle United and Manchester United joining the League and having success. Liverpool won the first of their record 18 League titles in 1901. It was not until the early years of the 20th century that southern clubs such as Arsenal , Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur established themselves in the League, and there would be a further wait until 1931 before a southern club, Arsenal, would win the League for the first time. The League was suspended for four seasons during World War I and resumed in 1919 with the First and Second Divisions expanded to 22 clubs. The following year, 1920, leading clubs from the Southern League joined the League to form a new Third Division, which in 1921 was renamed the Third Division South upon the further addition of more clubs in a new Third Division North . One club from each of these divisions would gain promotion to the Second Division, with the two relegated clubs being assigned to the more appropriate Third Division. To accommodate potential difficulties in this arrangement, clubs in the Midlands such as Mansfield Town or Walsall would sometimes be moved from one Third Division to the other. Following this burst of postwar growth, the League entered into a prolonged period of relative stability with few changes in the membership, although there were changes on the pitch. A new offside law in 1925 reducing the number of opponents between the player and the goal from three to two led to a large increase in goals. Numbers on shirts were introduced in 1939 and white balls in 1951. The first floodlit game was played between Portsmouth and Newcastle United in 1956, opening up the possibility of midweek evening matches. The League was suspended once more in 1939 with the outbreak of World War II , this time for seven seasons. The Third Divisions were expanded to 24 clubs each in 1950, bringing the total number of League clubs to 92, and in 1958 the decision was made to end the regionalisation of the Third Divisions and reorganise the clubs into a new nationwide Third Division and Fourth Division . To accomplish this the clubs in the top half of both the Third Division North and South joined together to form the new Third Division, and those in the bottom half made up the Fourth Division. Four clubs were promoted and relegated between these two lower divisions, while two clubs exchanged places in the upper divisions until 1974, when the number increased to three. A new cup competition open to all the members of the League, the Football League Cup , was held for the first time in 1960-61 to provide clubs a new source of income. Aston Villa won the inaugural League Cup and, despite an initial lack of enthusiasm on the part of some of the bigger clubs, the competition became firmly established in the footballing calendar. Substitutes were first allowed for injured players in 1965, and for any reason the next year. Beginning with the 1976-77 season, clubs finishing level on points began to be separated according to goal difference (the difference between goals scored and goals conceded) rather than goal average (goals scored divided by the number of games so far played). This was an effort to prevent overly defensive play encouraged by the greater advantage in limiting goals allowed. In the event that clubs had equal points and equal goal differences, priority was given to the club that had scored the most goals. There has been only one season, 1988-89, when this level of differentiation was necessary to determine the League champion, and this was the occasion of one of the most dramatic nights in League history, when Arsenal beat Liverpool 2-0 at Anfield in the last game of the season to win the League on this tiebreaker. Another important change was made in 1981, when it was decided to award three points for a win instead of two, a further effort to increase attacking football. In a similar vein, playoffs to determine promotion places were introduced in 1987 so that more clubs remained eligible for promotion closer to the end of the season, and at the same time to aid in the reduction over two years of the number of clubs in the First Division from 22 to 20. At the same time, automatic promotion and relegation between the Fourth Division and the Football Conference was introduced for one club, replacing the annual application for re-election to the League of the bottom four clubs and linking the League to the developing National League System pyramid. Emblematic of the confusion that was beginning to envelop the game, the number of clubs at the top of the league would return to 22 for the 1991-92 season, before once more dropping to 20 for 1995-96. The issues creating the uncertainty in the game all centered on money. The increasing influence of money in English football was evident with such events as the first £1m transfer in the game, that of Trevor Francis from Birmingham City to Nottingham Forest in February 1979. The first £2million player was Tony Cottee (West Ham United to Everton, July 1988). Prior to the formation of the FA Premier League, the highest transfer fee paid was £2.9million for the transfer of Dean Saunders from Derby County to Liverpool during the 1991 close season. The first £3million player was Alan Shearer, who moved from Southampton to Blackburn Rovers in July 1992, the summer prior to the first Premier League season. Since 1983 the League has accepted lucrative sponsorships for its main competition. Below is a list of sponsors and the League's name under their sponsorship:
The League's cup competitions have different sponsors (see English Football Sponsorship for more information). The other major source of money, and by far the most important one, is television. The 1980s saw competition between terrestrial broadcasters for the rights to show League matches, but the arrival on the scene of satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting (Sky TV), eagerly searching for attractive programming to build its customer base and willing to pay huge sums, changed the picture entirely. The League's top tier clubs had been agitating for several years to be able to keep more of the League's revenue for themselves, threatening to break away and form their own league if necessary. In 1992 the threat was realised as the First Division clubs left to establish the FA Premier League and signed a contract for exclusive live coverage of their games with Sky TV. The FA Premier League agreed to maintain the promotion and relegation of three clubs with The Football League, but The League was now in a far weaker position — without its best clubs and without the clout to negotiate high revenue TV deals. This problem was exacerbated with the collapse in 2002 of ITV Digital , holder of TV rights for The Football League, which cost League clubs millions of pounds in revenue. The new, slimmed down League, 70 clubs until 1995 and 72 clubs since, renamed its divisions to reflect the changes. The old Second Division became the new First Division, the Third Division became the Second Division, and the Fourth Division became the Third Division. The financial health of its clubs has become perhaps the highest League priority due to the limited resources available. However there are some promising signs for the future, as the League planned to announce new initiatives beginning with the 2004-05 season, coinciding with the start of a new sponsorship agreement with Coca-Cola . The first of these changes was a rebranding of the League with the renaming of the First Division to The Championship , the Second Division to League One and the Third Division to League Two. The Football League's collection is held by the National Football Museum . FOOTBALL LEAGUE CLUBS Below are listed the member clubs of The Football League for the 2007-08 season. Former Football League Clubs include all 20 of the current members of the Premier League along with various relegated, removed or defunct clubs. PAST LEAGUE WINNERS NB: League and FA Cup Double winners are highlighted in bold. 1888-1892 When the Football League was first established, all 12 clubs played in just one division. The founder members were;
In 1890 Stoke were not re-elected, and were replaced by Sunderland . Stoke joined the Football Alliance . In 1891 the League expanded from 12 to 14 clubs by electing Stoke and Darwen , both from the Football Alliance . The champions were:
1892-1920 In 1892 the Football League absorbed 11 of the 12 clubs in the rival Football Alliance , meaning it now had enough clubs to form another division. The existing division was renamed the First Division and the new division was called the Second Division. These 11 clubs were:
The other 3 clubs in the 14-team Division 2 were:
In 1893, Accrington resigned fom the League, and were replaced by Lancashire League champions Liverpool . It had been decided to expand the League by a further 4 clubs, to 2 divisions of 16, 4 additional clubs were elected. These were:
Bootle resigned from the League shortly before the season started, leaving Div 2 with 15 clubs. In 1894 Northwich returned to the Combination, and Middlesbrough Ironopolis folded. Membership was restored to 2 divisions of 16 by electing:
In 1895 Loughborough Town were elected at the expense of Walsall, who replaced them in the Midland League. In 1896 the following clubs left the League:
They were replaced by:
1897:
1898: The League expanded to 2 Divisions of 18 by electing 4 new clubs:
1899:
1900:
1901:
1902: No changes in membership. 1903:
1904:
1905: The League expanded to 2 Divisions of 20 by electing 4 new clubs:
Also, Doncaster Rovers and Stockport County swapped leagues again, and
1906: No changes in membership. 1907:
1908:
1909:
1910:
1911:
1912:
1913: No membership changes. 1914:
1915: No membership changes, and operations were suspended for the duration of WW1. 1920-1921 In 1920 the Football League admitted the clubs from the first division of the Southern League (the Southern League continued with its remaining clubs) and Grimsby Town , who had failed to be re-elected to the Second Division the season before and been replaced by Cardiff City (of the Southern League). The clubs were placed in the new Third Division:
1921-1958 After just one season under the old format, the League expanded again. This time it admitted a number of clubs from the north of England to balance things out, as the last expansion brought mainly clubs from the south. The existing Third Division was renamed the Third Division South, and the new division was named the Third Division North. Grimsby Town transferred to the new northern division. Both divisions ran in parallel, with clubs from both Third Divisions being promoted to the national Second Division at the end of each season:
1958-1992 For the beginning of the 1958-59 season, national Third and Fourth Divisions were introduced to replace the regional Third Division North and Third Division South:
1992-2004 Following the breakaway of the clubs in the First Division to form the FA Premier League , the Football League no longer included the top clubs in England. Therefore, the Second Division became the First Division, the Third Division became the Second Division and the Fourth Division became Third Division.
2004-present In 2004, the Football League renamed its divisions: the First Division became the Football League Championship, the Second Division became Football League One and the Third Division became Football League Two.
At the end of the 2005/06 season, Reading finished with a record 106 points, beating the previous record of 105 held by Sunderland. Titles by club Due to the breakaway of the Premier League in 1992, winning the Football League title no longer makes a team the top tier champions of English football. The following table splits wins between those before and after that date, and also shows both the total number of top flight titles won by each club, and the total number of league titles won from 1889 to 2005. It is sorted by number of top flight titles, which is a more significant measure of a club's success over its history than the number of Football League titles won - the top few English football clubs will probably win the Football League again only if they are relegated within the next 100 years or so.
THE PLAY-OFFS See Also: Football League Play-Offs The Football League Play-Offs are used as a means of determining the final promotion place from each of the league's three divisions. This is a way of keeping the possibility of promotion open for more clubs towards the end of the season. The format was first introduced in 1987, after the decision was made to reduce the top flight from 22 to 20 clubs over the next two seasons; initially, the play-offs involved the team finishing immediately above the relegation places in a given division and the three teams who finished immediately below the promotion places in the division below - essentially one team was fighting to keep their place in the higher division while the other three teams were attempting to take it from them. In 1990, this was changed—instead of teams from different divisions playing each other, the four teams below the automatic promotion places contested the play-offs. The four teams play off in two semi-finals and a final, with the team winning the final being promoted. Originally the semi-finals and the final were all two-legged home-and-away affairs, but the final was later changed to a one-off match (usually at Wembley or, during its rebuilding, the Millennium Stadium ). It is in this format that the play-offs continue today. A proposal to have six teams rather than four competing for the final place was defeated at the league's AGM in 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/2966968.stm Controversy For all the excitement they generate, the play-off concept causes significant controversy, due to a team that has proved itself the third best in its division over the course of a season having to play a two legged semi-final and a one-off final against teams it has theoretically already beaten, in order to win promotion. This is especially the case for the team that finishes third in the table, who will have often been many points ahead of the chasing pack, and often pushing for automatic promotion, only to then lose out in the play-offs. It is all the worse for those in the division below the FA Premier League given the amounts of money involved in gaining promotion; the Football League Championship play-off final has often been called "the richest game of football in the world" due to the money on offer through gaining promotion. Some fans have also noticed the prevalence of a Curse over the playoffs, in which the team who loses in the final of the promotion playoff is relegated the next season. {Link without Title} Play-Off Winners 1: Due to financial irregularities, Swindon were prevented from taking their place in the top division, which was awarded to the losing finalists, Sunderland . FOOTBALLS The Mitre Pro 100T is the official match football of the Football League and is used by all 72 teams from the Championship and League's One and Two. Mitre's current deal runs until the end of the 2006/07 season and a renewed four year deal will run until the end of the 2010/11 season. Starting from the 2007/08 season, every Football League Championship team will have their own Mitre football for home matches. The balls will contain the home team emblem and home team colours. SEE ALSO
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