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Fell races are organised on the premise that contenders possess mountain navigational skills and carry adequate survival equipment as prescribed by the organiser. HISTORY The earliest hill race may have been in Scotland. Hill running was evidently being practiced in a precursor to the Braemar Gathering in 1064 , the latest date given for a competition organised by King Malcolm Canmore. Racing up and down hills continued in the north of England and throughout Scotland and Wales where most of the UK's hills are found as a part of many community fairs and games. The sport was a simple affair and was based upon the community's values for physical ability as were the other sports found in these games such as wrestling and heavy events such as throwing the hammer. These fairs or games events were often commercial as well as cultural. One might find music and dances as well as livestock shows and sales. For the sports in a community of shepherds and agricultural labourers comparisons of speed and strength would be interesting to spectators and a source of professional pride for competitors. A fast shepherd or a strong labourer would be as respected, one imagines, as any top ranking colleague in a more modern employment. Like most of these sports the early events were probably in some way professional. The rise of amateur sport in the Victorian era brought a change to the sport, a change that was to eventually create the modern sport with more complex and longer courses that make less of a spectacle for spectators but a more modern endurance running sport. "Professional" races at annual the shows, known as "Guide Races" in the Lake District, combined with amateur races in the 19th Century . Though still under the banner of "professional", at best the prize money would only pay a week’s wages. During the major part of the 20th century the two categories ran as separate sports where a runner could only change categories after withdrawing from competition for a period of quarantine. Quarantine rules were eventually abandoned, although professional races continue with a low profile. In the latter years of the 20th Century , prize money would generally be less than the value of mountaineering items awarded in an amateur event. As a minority sport, fame and fortune are no incentive. Rather, fell runners express a common desire to be in ‘the hills’. The Fell Runners Association was inaugurated in April 1970 to organise the duplication of event Calendars. OVERLAP WITH OTHER SPORTS Modern fell running has common characteristics with Cross Country Running . Courses are often longer, steeper, unmarked when out on the hills (with a few exceptions) and these longer races can demand mountain navigational techniques. Nevertheless, cross country seems fast and furious to many fell runners. Fell running also overlaps with Orienteering . Courses are again longer but demand different techniques from orienteering. However, fell running does require navigational skills in a wild, mountainous environment, particularly in determining and choosing between routes. Category O events and Mountain Marathon s ( See Also Below ), test navigational ability — attracting both orienteers and fell runners. Other multi-terrain events, such as the Cotswold Way Relay and the Longmynd Hike for example, also qualify as fell races under Fell Runners Association rules ROCKS Fell running does not involve Rock Climbing . Races avoid rock climbs and are subject to change when any ground nearby becomes unstable. A small number of fell runners who are also rock climbers nevertheless do attempt records traversing ridges that allow running and involve scrambling and rock climbing — particularly where the record is 24 H or less. Foremost of these in the UK is probably the traverse of the Cuillin Main Ridge on Skye , and the Greater Traverse, including Blaven . Nor does fell running involve expeditions. Race records vary from minutes to, generally, a few hours. Some of the mountain marathons do call for pairs of runners to carry equipment and food for Camping overnight. Even the most extreme fell runners will tend to ”bite” at a record that stands 24 h or less — often a "round" that ends at the start line. The exceptions to the extreme fell runner are attempts at a continuous round of Munros . Mountaineers who traverse light and fast over high Alpine, Himalayan or through other such continental, high altitude are considered alpine style mountaineers. TIME AND COURSE Fell races are generally run annually and over an established sequence of checkpoints. A marked route may lead runners from the start onto the open hill and back from the hill to the finish. Where the route is unmarked, a runner may choose their own route between the ordered checkpoints. Even so, routes between checkpoints tend to be well established for fell runners in fine weather, if not the popular route, and may involve a choice. The runners decision when there is a choice of routes will generally depend on the weather, visibility, surface conditions and their ability to ascend at that point in the race. ORGANISATIONS The Organisations that organise fell running are as follows. The Fell Runners Association publishes a calendar of 400 to 500 races per year. Additional races, less publicised, are organised in UK regions. In Scotland, all known hill races (both professional and amateur) are listed in the annual calendar of Scottish Hill Runners . In Wales, the Welsh Fell Runners Association provides a similar service. Northern Ireland events are organised by Northern Ireland Mountain Running Association . Again, races are run on the premise that a contender possesses mountain navigational skills and carries carry adequate survival equipment. In Ireland events are organised by the Irish Mountain Running Association. They have a full calendar at Irish Mountain Running Association There is a very popular series of runs organised around Dublin on Wednesday evenings. These are designed to encourage people to enter the sport. No previous experience is required. Just turn up and run. FELL RUNNING FOR NOVICES Fell running is a reasonably accessible sport, requiring little in the way of expensive equipment and facilities. As with all running sports a reasonable level of fitness is required to participate. However, unlike other endurance running sports, there is an additional small but very real risk of death on longer races where exhaustion and poor weather in remote areas infrequently leads to death from Exposure . Unlike most distance running where really severe exhaustion means sitting on a pavement waiting for help; help might be hours away and temperatures may plummet in the mountains whilst the fell runner wears only light clothing. Most fell runners begin by initially trying a short race. Even the most fit and fast road, track or cross country runners can benefit from a couple of weeks of including sharp climbs and descents in their training to prepare untrained muscle groups. RACE CATEGORIES Courses are categorised by the amount of ascent and distance. Ascent categories ;Category A :at least 250 ft (76.2 m) of ascent per mile (1.6 km) :should not have more than 20% of the race distance on road :should be at least one mile in length ;Category B :at least 125 ft (38.1 m) of ascent per mile (1.6 km) :should not have more than 30% of the race distance on road ;Category C :at least 100 ft (30.5 m) of ascent per mile (1.6 km) :should not have more than 40% of the race distance on road :should contain some genuine fell terrain Distance Categories ;Category L :for Long - over 12 miles (19.3 km) ;Category M :for Medium - over 6 miles (9.6 km) ;Category S :for Short - less than 6 miles (9.6 km) Additional categories ;Category O :also known as a Long O event :checkpoints are revealed to each competitor when they come up to a “staggered” start :entry by choosing an orienteering type class, such as a Score-O event and often as a team of two ('''pairs''') ;Category MM :events also known as Mountain Marathon s and Mountain Trials :similar to Category O, but multi-day events, in wild, mountainous country. Competitors must carry all the equipment and food required for the overnight camp and subsequent days. Entry is usually as a pair. Three example "classic A" races
FOOTWEAR Modern fell running trainers use light, non waterproof material to eject water and dislodge peat after traversing boggy ground. While the trainer needs to be supple, to grip an uneven, slippery surface, a degree of side protection against rock and scree (loose stones) may be provided. Rubber studs have been the mode for two decades, preceded by ripple soles, spikes and the flat soled ‘pumps’ of the fifties. Walshes are extensively used by many UK runners, especially in the Lake District , where their sole pattern gives excellent grip on steep grass. Shoe manufacturers such as Inov8 and Montrail are also leading the chasing pack to try to make better and better shoes to compete with Norman Walsh's design. 24 HOUR CHALLENGES Fell runners have set many of the Peak Bagging records in the UK. In 1932 the Lakeland runner Bob Graham set a record of 42 Lakeland peaks in 24 hours. His feat, now know as the " Bob Graham Round " was not repeated for many years (in 1960); by 2003, however, it had become a fell-runner's test-piece, and had been repeated by over 1060 people. Building on the basic 'Round' later runners such as Eric Beard (56 tops in 1963) and Joss Naylor (72 tops in 1975) have raised the 24 hour Lakeland record considerably. The present record is 77 peaks, and was set by Mark Hartell in 1997. The ladies record is 62 peaks, set in 1994 by Anne Stentiford. Most fell running regions have their own challenges or "rounds":
New Irish Round The Irish Mountain Running Association has organised a very challenging round. The Wickow Round is a long distance run covering 27 peaks in Wicklow. It totals over 100K and over 6,000M climb. It is governed and ratified by the Irish Mountain Running Association. There are three finishing standards, Gold – Finish in under 12 hours , Silver – Finish in under 15 hours, Bronze – Finish in under 24 hours. It has been said that the gold standard is beyond human achievement. Full details are available on Irish Mountain Running Association EXTERNAL LINKS
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