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ORGANIZATION The FARs are organized into sections, called ''parts'' due to their organization within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Each part deals with a specific type of activity. For example, ''14 CFR Part 141'' contains rules for pilot training schools. The sections most relevant to aircraft pilots and AMTs (Aviation Maintenance Technicians) are listed below. Many of the FARs are designed to regulate certification of pilots, schools, or aircraft rather than the operation of airplanes. In other words, once an airplane design is certified using some parts of these regulations, it is certified regardless of whether the regulations change in the future. For that reason, newer planes are certified using newer versions of the FARs, and in many aspects may be thus considered safer designs.
REGULATIONS OF INTEREST .]] The FARs are comprised of tens of thousands of separate sections, many of which have large numbers of researchers using them on any given day. A few of the regulations particularly interesting to laypersons, relevant to current political issues, or of historical interest are listed below. Part 23 Part 23 concerns airworthiness standards for normal, utility, aerobatic, and commuter category airplanes. it dictates the standards required for issuance and change of type certificates for aircraft in the listed categories. This part has a large number of regulations that affect the certification of aircraft such as performance, stability, controllability, and safety mechanisms in General Aviation aircraft, how the seats must be constructed, oxygen and air pressurization systems, fire prevention, escape hatches, flight management procedures, flight control communications, emergency landing procedures, limits to pilot fatigue and other capabilities and limitations, as well as testing of all the systems of the aircraft. It also determines special aspects of aircraft performance such as stall speed (not more than 61 knot), rate of climb (not less than 300 fpm), take off speed (not less than Vs1), weight of pilot and passengers (10 lb for normal category) and 190 lb for aerobatic). Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Section 91.145 A TFR is a geographically-limited, short-term, airspace restriction, typically in the United States . Temporary flight restrictions often encompass major sporting events, natural disaster areas, air shows, space launches, and Presidential movements. Before the September 11, 2001 Attacks , most TFRs were in the interest of safety to flying aircraft with occasional small restrictions for Presidential movements. Since 9/11, TFRs have been routinely used to restrict airspace for 30 Nautical Mile s around the President, with a radius No-fly Zone for non-scheduled flights. They are also available to other important people such as presidential and vice-presidential candidates (though Senator John Kerry , a pilot, declined TFRs during the 2004 Election ). TFRs are deeply unpopular with pilots in the General Aviation sector. Large Presidential TFRs frequently close off not only the airport Air Force One is using but nearby airports as well. Temporary flight restrictions: President Bush travels to Rhode Island Others argue that they are necessary for national security. SEE ALSO
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