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's ''The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas'' (1686), published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England.]] Father Christmas is the name used in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and several other Commonwealth countries, for the gift-bringing figure of Christmas or Yuletide . The same figure with the same name exists in other countries (in that country's language), such as France , Spain , Portugal and Italy . Although the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus are often used Synonymous ly nowadays, historically the characters were different. The use of "Santa" in preference to "Father Christmas" may be thought of as an Americanism . HISTORY The personification of Yule begins probably in the mists of time, but one of the first documentations of such a figure is in 1443, with "Gladman's Insurrection", when the Englishman John Gladman rode into town as part of a protest, "coronned as Kyng of Crestmesse". The symbolic personification of Christmas as a merry old figure is taken up again in the early 17th century, in the context of resistance to Puritan criticism of observation of the Christmas feast. He is "old" because of the antiquity of the feast itself, which its defenders saw as a good old Christian custom that should be kept. Allegory was popular at the time, and so "old Christmas" was given a voice to protest his exclusion, along with the form of a rambunctious, jolly old man. The earliest recorded personification of Christmas appears to be Ben Jonson 's creation in ''Christmas his Masque''http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Poetry/christmas_his_masque.htm dating from December 1616, in which Christmas appears "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard, a Truncheon, little Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse", and announces "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas?" Later, in a masque by Thomas Nabbes, ''The Springs Glorie'' produced in 1638, "Christmas" appears as "an old reverend gentleman in furred gown and cap". The character continued to appear over the next 250 years, appearing as Sir Christmas, Lord Christmas, or Father Christmas, the latter becoming the most common. A book dating from the time of the Commonwealth, ''The Vindication of CHRISTMAS or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times''http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/britishlibrary/controller/subjectidsearch?id=11675&startid=32953&width=4&height=2&idx=2 involved "Old Christmas" advocating a merry, alcoholic Christmas and casting aspersions on the charitable motives of the ruling Puritans . The traditional Father Christmas was neither a gift bringer, nor associated with children. However, during the Victorian Era , when Santa Claus arrived from America, he was merged with the character called "Sir Christmas", "Lord Christmas" or "Old Father Christmas" to create Father Christmas, the British Santa which survives today. Nowadays, most Britons use the expressions Father Christmas and Santa Claus as Synonyms . FATHER CHRISTMAS IN LITERATURE Father Christmas is the only character who appears with the same name in fiction by both of those two famous friends, C.S. Lewis ('' The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe ''), and J.R.R. Tolkien ('' The Father Christmas Letters ''). "Father Christmas" is the name of a song originally written and performed by The Kinks , in which the narrator, dressed as a drugstore Santa, is accosted by a gang of young thugs. NAMES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES The term "Father Christmas" is used in translation in many countries: "Father Christmas" (and in some cases baby Jesus) is used in preference to "Santa" in Afghanistan ("Baba Chaghaloo"), Albania ("Babadimri"), Armenia ("Gaghant Baba"), Brazil ("Papai Noel"), Bulgaria ("Dyado Koleda"), Cornwall ("Tas Nadelik"), Chile (Viejo Pascuero), Denmark ("Julemanden"), Egypt ("Papa Noël"), Finland (" Joulupukki "), France and French Canada ("le Père Noël"), Germany ("Weihnachtsmann" or "Nikolaus"), Greece " Άγιος Βασίλης-Άyos Vasílis " Hungary ("Mikulás"), Iran ("Baba Noel"), Ireland ("Daidí na Nollag"), Italy ("Babbo Natale"), Latvia ("Ziemassvētku vecītis"), Lithuania ("Kalėdų Senelis"), Macedonia ("Dedo Mraz"), Malta ("San Niklaw"), Mexico ("El Niñito Dios" ("Child God", meaning Jesus)), Norway ("Julenissen"), Poland ("Święty Mikołaj"), Portugal ("Pai Natal"), Romania ("Moş Crăciun"), Russia (" Ded Moroz "), Scottish Highlands ("Daidaín na Nollaig"), Serbia and Bosnia And Herzegovina ("Božić Bata"), Sri Lanka ("Naththal Seeya"), South Africa ("Vader Kersfees" or "Kersvader"), Spain and some of Spanish-speaking Latin America ("Papá Noel" or "San Nicolás" or "Santa Claus" ), Sweden ("Jultomten"), Turkey ("Noel Baba"), and United Kingdom ("Father Christmas"). NOTES EXTERNAL LINKS
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