As expectations regarding good manners differ from person to person and vary according to each situation, no treatise on the rules of Etiquette nor any list of Faux Pas can ever be complete. As the Perception of Behaviors and actions vary, Intercultural Competence is essential. However, a lack of Knowledge about the Customs and Expectation s of people in Europe can make even the best intentioned person seem rude, foolish, or worse.
Many customs regarding good behavior have been exported to places with cultural traditions based in Europe, including America , Oceania , South Africa and so on. Therefore, much of this article is limited to the discussion of etiquette which is peculiar to only a particular part of Europe.
While Europe contains a wide variety of social traditions, it is also (excluding Russia ) relatively compact, well-traveled and urbanized compared to many other Continents or cultural areas. As such many expectations regarding etiquette are shared across Europe.
- Etiquette begins with some sensitivity to the perceptions and feelings of others and the intention not to offend. Failing to thank and compliment a host, using a Mobile Phone in a theatre, taking the last bit of a dish without offering it to others and many other examples of bad manners fall into this category.
- As elsewhere, many people in Europe are proud of their distinct ethnic, national, religious, linguistic or cultural identity and may be insulted by those who fail to make the distinction. For example, a French -speaking Belgian may be offended if referred to as French Person .
- Although “lumping” people together is the biggest danger, sometimes “splitting” can be a faux pas as well. An example might be trying to discern whether someone is Irish Catholic or Anglo-Irish .
- When in doubt, avoid characterizing people according to a cultural identity. Make inquiries regarding identity carefully (if at all).
- It is polite for people to invite each other to drink first or to wait until everyone is ready to drink at the same time by Toasting .
- When giving a toast, participants generally expect Eye Contact . Expectations regarding the touching together of drinking vessels vary greatly. In some circles, it is considered unsophisticated to touch glasses whatsoever. In other situations, drinking glasses are contused with great vigor and any resultant spillage or breakage is regarded as part of the fun.
- It is often impolite to begin eating before others are ready to begin, or to eat in front of another person without offering to share. Typically all wait for the host, eldest person present or guest of honor to say "let's begin" in some way.
- In a situation such as a large banquet table or a restaurant where the waiter has failed to bring all food to the table at the same time, it is gracious to insist that others begin eating first while their meals are still warm.
- It is good manners to hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the other throughout the meal. This contrasts with the " Zig Zag Method " that is a hallmark of good Table Manners in the USA. Crossing one's cutlery on the plate means one is taking a break but has not finished eating. Upon finishing a meal, the knife and fork should be left more or less parallel or else it hints that one hasn't eaten enough.
- Resting one's hands under the table or one's elbow on it is considered inappropriate.
are only appropriate for Funerals .]]
- In many areas of Europe, even numbers of flowers fewer than a dozen are appropriate only for funerals. This rule does not apply to larger arrangements. Also, certain flowers (such as Chrysanthemums ) are given only at funerals and most florists will advise against them. As red roses typically connote romantic feeling, they are inappropriate for other circumstances. Window on the World
- Avoid hand gestures with which one is unfamiliar; many hand gestures are impolite. Also, some gestures have different meanings in different cultures. For example, a variation of the Thumb -to- Index Finger " Okay " sign is an Obscene gesture in some European countries.
- Shaking Hands while wearing gloves is widely considered impolite. This does not apply to gloves for women designed to be worn indoors. Bartelby's
- Among many segments of the European population, it is considered rude for men to wear hats or other head coverings indoors, especially in regards to churches, private homes and respected public institution. Victorian Age Etiquette
- Anyone wearing coats, boots and other outer garments inside someone’s home is often frowned upon as well. Sitting down at the table to eat with a hat, outerwear or other inappropriate attire is even worse. Victorian Age Etiquette
- These rules are sometimes disregarded if the headwear is worn for religious purposes such as a Jewish Yarmulke , or a Muslim 's Headscarf .
- Rules of language belong more to a language textbook than this article, but do remember that some languages mark familiarity and/or respect using methods such as the T-V Distinction . This often applies to common phrases such as "how are you?", that are sometimes learned in isolation (such as from phrase books).Hervey Sandor, Ian Higgins, Sandor G J Hervey. (2002) ''Thinking French Translation'', Routledge (UK). p. 46. ISBN 0-415-25522-8.
- Addressing people with the inappropriately familiar form may be seen as derogatory, insulting, or even aggressive. Conversely, forms that are inappropriately formal may be seen as impolitely snobbish.Michel Walter Pharand. (2001) ''Bernard Shaw and the French'', University Press of Florida. p. 113. ISBN 0-8130-1828-5.
- Some things formerly prohibited by Superstitions surrounding bad Luck remain as examples of bad manners. Opening an umbrella indoors and accepting a light for a cigarette after two others are two examples. Almanac
- Talking or asking about one's personal wealth, possessions or success in business is widely viewed as Vulgar . People will rarely say how much money they make or have in the bank nor will they request such information from someone else. It is impolite to ask colleagues about their salary and in some places of work it is forbidden.De Belg laat niet graag in zijn loonzakje kijken. {Link without Title} In some places, especially where government employees' salary are publicly known, it is still considered extremely rude to ask individuals about how much they earn.
- The notion of Multiculturalism is widely accepted among the European population and there is a considerable understanding about how different rules apply to different peoples. Accordingly, expecting (for example) a Hasidic Jew to remove his hat when visiting a Church or to badger a Muslim or Hindu to accept food that violates her/his Dietary Laws is a faux pas that would offend many Europeans regardless of their own Denominational backgrounds.
- In many parts of Europe, it is inappropriate to use someone's first name until a certain level of friendship is attained. Typically, this formality is maintained until one person says “you may call me (first name)” and the other person responds in kind. Even in areas where this guideline holds true it probably doesn’t apply among people below a certain age group nor in some very informal settings.
- Pointing at people with the index finger is widely regarded as at least mildly impolite. Pointing with the middle finger is more commonly accepted.
- Good manners dictate that in most situations, people in apparent good health surrender their seats to the elderly, handicapped people and pregnant women. Men often surrender their seats to women regardless of other factors.
- White Sock s, including the style associated with athleticism in the USA, are widely regarded as inappropriate for adult men and may prompt Snickering . Tennis Court s are a specific exception.
- Many Europeans feel it is rude to visit someone's home without bringing a token gift such as sweets, a small toy for the host's child, a beverage to be shared, a book they know the host will enjoy, or flowers. Even young people who observe this custom less stringently enjoy being on the receiving end.
- This custom holds true whether answering an invitation or dropping by unexpectedly, although the latter is almost certainly a faux pas unless the host has previously indicated that such surprise visits are welcome.
- In some European Wedding traditions, wearing white is reserved for the bride. Women especially should avoid dressing in white or colors that could be mistaken for white in a dimly lit banquet hall. White combined with other colors (such as a white blouse with an outfit) is fine. Avoid wearing a dress more elegant or ostentatious than the bride's own.
- Black is not very appropriate for weddings. Dark blue and dark brown are fine. Men in black suits should balance that with an element such as a brightly colored Neck Tie to avoid looking like one is dressed for a funeral.
- In some European countries, it's customary to wear the wedding band on the right hand, in others on the left hand, and in some cultures with the groom wearing the band on his right and the bride on her left. Widows and widowers often move the band to the other hand.
- Engagement bands in lieu of stone-set engagement rings are customary in some places, for both the man and the woman. These are often smaller, and most often go on the opposite hand of the wedding bands.
- It is worth noting that American Foreign Policy is a deeply emotional issue for both Americans and Europeans. Even friends who believe they share similar political viewpoints can quickly find themselves in contention when the topic is discussed. Americans should try to remember that seemingly Anti-American statements may not be intended to offend. On the other hand, statements by Americans are often taken in the most negative way.
as delineated by the United Nations (other categorizations vary):
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This article categorizes countries according to the scheme for Geographic Subregions as delineated by the United Nations (other categorizations vary).
- Bulgaria , Belarus , Ukraine and Russia share naming conventions (see Russian Naming Conventions ). Many surnames change based on gender. For example Mr. Ivanov's wife might be Mrs. Ivanova. Accidentally referring to him as Mr. Ivanova or her as Mrs. Ivanov is a serious faux pas. Since understanding these suffixes and how they are applied in a specific region is a relatively simple matter to learn, even monoglot speakers of English are expected to use them correctly. Similar thing happens in other Slavic languages, such as Polish or Czech .
- Rather than greeting guests and conducting transactions (such as paying a delivery man) over the threshold, it is more polite to allow people to step inside or to step outside to meet them.
- As Czechoslovakia ceased to exist in 1993, it is inconsiderate to use this name to refer to the Czech Republic .
- When you are visiting house or flat you are requested to unshoe. It is very impolite to stay in your shoes inside the house.
- It is impolite to talk about a salary during a conversation, even with your close friends.
- If you are a man traveling with a woman, you must enter pub or restaurant first and leave last.
- When passing people in a theater or cinema row, face them. It is considered rude to pass with your back toward the other person.
- Handshake must be strong and without other gestures or movements.
- In Hungary , people traditionally consider clinking their glasses/mugs when drinking beer to be impolite. Clinking with any other alcoholic beverage, such as wine, champagne or hard liquor is customary. The reason people aren't supposed to toast with beer is this: In 1848/9 there was a Hungarian uprising which failed. A benevolent liberal government by and for Hungarians was declared, but then subsequently it was put down by the Habsburg Monarchy (Austria). In and after 1848/9 mostly Austrian prison guards toasted their victory over the failed Hungarian revolutionaries with beer. The Hungarians seeing this declared a ban on toasting with beer for 150 years, theoretically ending in 1998. Today, some Hungarians clink with beer and others still don't.
- Hungary is traditionally a wine-drinking country. Beer is available but not that good.
- Refrain from making jokes about or pointing out that the English name Hungary is a homophone with "hungry". Most Hungarians have been exposed to this joke many times previously, and the 264th occasion is not going to make them laugh.
- The red-white-green tricolour is the official state flag of the Republic of Hungary is. The national flag is the same tricolour defaced by the national arms. Therefore displaying the national flag, e.g. by minority Hungarians outside of the Republic of Hungary, such as Transylvania (Romania), Serbia and Slovakia, does not constitute flying the official state flag of another country, making it less offensive to the majority of the particular country.
- The Hungarian national or state flag is never flown at half mast. Mourning is expressed by hoisting a black flag next to or in place of the national flag. The black flag is always full masted as well. It is removed when the deceased is buried.
- Hungarians celebrate not only their birthdays but their name-days as well. Name-days come from the Christian tradition of celebrating the lives of saints. This custom is extended so that not only Christian names appear in the calendar. Name-days are observed at a lower profile. Birthday cakes not included. Usually family, friends and colleagues drink to the health of the person feted and with him well.
- The Hungarian date format is year + month + day. The year is very seldom represented by only the last two digits. The month is often shown in the Roman numeric format but using capitals. The 20th August 2007 is written like these: "2007. augusztus 20.", "2007. VIII. 20." or "2007.08.20."
- It is considered to be rude not to share your sweets, chocolate or fruits when in the company of family, friends or colleagues, especially if children are around.
- One is not supposed to throw food away. It is considered to be especially rude to do so with bread. If one is not hungry or does not like the food served, he/she should offer it to somebody else.
- In a restaurant or cab, 10% is usually given as a tip unless servicing is included in the bill. No tips when paying by card.
- Tea is usually drunk with lemon being poured into it. Sugar may also be added. Milk is not even served with tea.
- Coffee is usually stronger than elsewhere. Milk can be used to make it softer.
- Men are supposed to take their hats off when entering a building or means of transportation.
- Men are supposed to take their gloves off when shaking hands.
- Men without a family relation shake hands upon meeting or saying good bye. A handshake should be short and firm. Touching somebody's elbow or pulling him closer during the handshake is intimidating. Men meeting women or women meeting women great each other only verbally. Kissing cheeks is common among female friends and, for family members, even between males. Not even parents kiss their children on their lips, that gesture is strictly romantic.
- Meals almost always start with a soup.
- Poultry on bone can be eaten by hand.
- Hands are kept above the table throughout the meal. However, the lower arms or elbows are supposed not to be on the table at any time.
- Bread without dressing is never bit, it is ripped instead.
- Do not lift the fork with its bulging side upwards to your mouth. Never raise the knife to your mouth, either. Whenever possible, the a should be used instead of a spoon.
- Eating in a group begins when everyone's food is served.
- Before starting to eat, everyone wishes a good appetite to each other. (Jó étvágyat! – 'yaw 'ate-vah-diat) When finished, you say "Egészségünkre!" ('ay-gace-shay-goonk-re, "To our health.")
- In Hungarian names, family name comes first, given name(s) follow. Foreigners are not supposed to change their names to comply with this rule, it is likely to cause confusion.
- Upon marriage, women can replace their original family name with their husband's one and keep their given name(s) just like in English. Or they can adopt their husband's entire name (yes, including their male given names) and add "né" ('nay) to the end. Or they can keep their original name and precede it with their husband's family name extended with "né". For example, Kiss Éva (family name: Kiss, given name: Éva) having married Tóth Péter (family name: Tóth, given name: Péter) can be called Kiss Éva, Tóth Éva, Tóthné Kiss Éva or Tóth Péterné. Of course, only one of these forms becomes official, whichever one the bride chooses.
- When numbers are shown by hand, Hungarians start with their thumbs. One is expressed by showing a "thumbs up", two is shown with the thumb and the index finger, etc. Four is very difficult to show because only the little finger is bent down.
- Hungarian people tend to take criticism very badly. Caution should be taken because criticism is easily interpreted as expression of discontent. Similarly, in a working environment asking many questions is often understood as not being competent or independent enough.
- Metaphors in the Hungarian language are very different from those of other European languages. They should be used with caution in order to avoid misunderstanding unless all parties involved are fluent in the language used.
- Present only odd number of flowers.
- When visiting family or friends on invitation, the invitee is supposed to bring some present. Bring flowers or chocolate to women, drinks to men. Do not bring food, not even salads or cakes, unless specifically requested to do so.
- In the county side, strangers or even loose acquaintances are not allowed into the house. If one is invited in, it should be taken as a courtesy and a sign of familiarities.
- Hungarians often tend to avoid continuous eye contact. It should not necessarily be taken as a sign of dishonesty.
- Remember that the commonly accepted personal space, i.e. the physical barriers you are not supposed to intrude upon, is somewhat smaller than in the USA. But they do exist, of course.
- Avoid discussing the outcomes of World Wars I and II, the pre WWII and socialist eras. There is no general agreement of those times. Picking these topics often leads to arguments still today. Many Hungarians consider these regimes and their impacts as things imposed on them, blaming everyone but themselves.
- Royalty and aristocracy is considered to be a thing of the past and necessarily "undemocratic" by most Hungarians. Not even present-day royalty of foreign countries attract much attention. They are not a topic of discussion.
- Hungarians tend to talk about family and their status of health. The weather is not a common topic of casual chatting. Enquiring about political views or somebody's religion may cause eyebrows to raise.
- Offering a ride by car to acquaintances is almost compulsory if one takes the same route. It is rude to turn such an offer down in favour of public transportation.
- Referring to Hungarians living in minority in neighbouring countries as Romanian, Serb or Slovakian is extremely offensive. They are five million in number altogether and can be found in every adjacent country of Hungary. Similarly, one must make a clear distinction and specify areas populated by over-the-border Hungarians instead of simply referring to the country, e.g. "I am visiting Transylvania" instead of "I am visiting Romania".
- Smoking is very common in low-class circles. In upper-class circles it is not, and even can be a shame to light a cigarette.
- When riding in a cab, the first passenger (the highest in ranking) should take the right rear seat. The second one should take the seat behind the driver. The right front seat is supposed to be taken only by the third person if there is one.
- On public transportation, disembarking takes place before new passengers get on. The young and the men are supposed to cede their seats to the elderly and women, especially pregnant women or women with very young children.
- Women are allowed to go through a door or enter a lift before men. Except when entering or leaving a restaurant or pub. In a posh place, women do not open doors, move their chairs, handle their coats or place orders for themselves. Men are supposed to do that.
- There is a strong V-T distinction in Hungarian society. Calling somebody by his first name is considered to be equal to being on "T terms". It is very much complicated, but shortly it can be said that the older or higher person is superiority should initiate using first-name terms. Somebody's profession is never used when addressing a person except for doctors or university masters with scientific degrees (e.g. professors).
- One driving in Hungary should be prepared for pedestrians crossing the road at any point, even at traffic lights at red. Bikers and motor bikers seem to be exempted from any kind of regulations and traffic lights. No enforcement of these rules.
- Shortly flashing your car's headlights means, contrary to many other European countries, "I let you go ahead". If somebody else lets you go ahead, you should thank them either by flashing your emergency signal or simply raising your hand.
- In many areas of Poland , traditions remain strong and it can be impolite to dress casually for Easter, Christmas or other family celebrations.
- Raised with patriotic notions surrounding the Polish Cavalry , most Poles are disgusted by the idea of human consumption of Horse Meat .
- When offering a cigarette, one should open the box and allow the receiver to take one rather than handling the cigarette to someone directly. It is also customary to light cigarettes for others, especially for women.
- When offering a sweet, a little toy for children or a similar small item from a set or an assortment, it's impolite to select one for the receiver. It's also very impolite to take more than one item when selecting one from an assortment.
- In schools, children may celebrate their own birthdays by bringing wrapped Candy for the whole class.
- When speaking to someone of equal or higher status than yourself (someone you just met or who is older then you are, teacher, lady in a shop, etc) it is rude to address them as "you" unless you have agreed to be on first name basis. The accepted form is to address people as "pani" (Polish for Mrs.) or "pan" (Polish for Mr).
- Guests offering to help with doing dishes or cooking meals is considered rude, since it implies that the host is not providing a good service to their guests. Also, refusing more than three times a food or other offer is considered rude for the same reasons.
- When drinking it is polite to always pour for others first. Often, before drinking, everyone has to clink their glasses together with a chorus of "Na zdrowie" (Cheers). If someone is far away, it suffices to go for eye contact and a raise of the glass.
- When visiting someone, one must unshoe, but it is common that guests are asked not to unshoe.
- Men visiting women (and on retreat) at their homes is not considered flirtatious.
- Trying to seat an unmarried women at the corner of a table may be considered impolite due the the superstition that such a women will never be married.
has a population of over 7 million people, including sizeable numbers of Hungarians , Roma and Germans . When visiting Europe, don't trivialize it by mentioning Dracula .]]
- The region within Romania known as Transylvania is a major area of the country and home to over 7 million people, including sizeable numbers of Hungarians , Roma and Germans . Don’t trivialize it by mentioning Dracula or the Rocky Horror Picture Show .
- Romania is a diverse country, having many cultures (Romanian, Hungarian, Rroma, German, Serbian, Ukrainian, Turkish and Bulgarian). Moldova is also a diverse country (with Romanians, Ukrainians and Russians). One must take into account the quite significant differences in culture of each ethnic group. However, because of the diversity of the country, people tend to be lenient when an outsider makes a mistake.
- Never sit on the corner of a table - it is considered bad luck for you and for everybody else at the table.
- When offering a cigarette, open the box and let the person taking the cigarette take one.
- The T-V Distinction is widely used, and so is the usage of last names in formal and even some informal situations. Titles are also used when referring to a person in a formal situation. In employing T-V, consider that Romanians are not very formal.
- Names do not change according to the Russian system, since Romanian is a Romance language. For example, Mr. Popescu's wife is Mrs. Popescu.
- Kissing the hands of women as a greeting in Romania is less common, though still used in circles claiming to be well educated. It is however expected by older women. The handshake is a very common form of salute. The higher ranking or elder person is expected to initiate the handshake. Kissing on the cheek is another form of salute - although more intimate then the handshake, it is not considered impolite even in some formal occasions.
- Parts of Moldova follow a very special form of toast involving the use of just one glass, filled with wine or plum brandy, which is passed around in a clockwise circle amongst all at the table. The tradition is to drink, refill the glass and pass it to the next in order at the table. Refusing to drink or forgetting to refill it before passing it is considered a strong offense.
- Polite gestures such as giving up one's seat in public transport for the elderly or very young, holding a door for the person following you, or even helping a person with overweight baggage are widely expected. Failing in this regard may prompt strongly voiced criticism.
- In Russia , leaving an empty bottle on the table is widely frowned upon. When a bottle is empty it should be placed in the trash or even moved to the floor so that it is off the table.
- When passing people in a theater row, face them. It is considered rude to pass with your back toward the other person.
- As shoes are often taken off and left in the foyer before entering a home, it is polite to ask one's host if they should be removed.
- Do not give a baby gift until after the baby is born. It is bad luck to do so sooner. Russia: Culture, Customs & Etiquette {Link without Title}
- In Estonia , tradition dictates that bread is ripped with the fingers rather than cut with a knife.
are played throughout Europe and teams have legions of loyal fans. In Ireland, Rugby , the indigenous Gaelic Football game (shown being played here) and the game known in the USA as Soccer all have a following. If invited to a game, it is polite to accept and show support for the host's favored team.]]
- Although The Irish share some cultural values with The British (including some points of etiquette mentioned in regards to the United Kingdom elsewhere in this article), the Republic Of Ireland has been independent of the United Kingdom since 1922 and any confusion to the contrary is likely to offend.
- British Isles is a geographical term, but in most contexts it is more polite to say “Ireland and the UK” or even “these islands.” Similarly, referring to Great Britain as "the mainland" is likely to antagonise an Irish listener.
- Although Éire is the official name of the state in the Irish Language and will be seen on stamps, currency, etc., it is better to refer to the country as "Ireland" or "the Republic of Ireland" in spoken conversation. Ireland is bilingual, and in the English language Ireland is the official name of the state. Relentless use of “Éire” by the BBC announcers has lowered its popularity among the Irish.
- Be aware of Language Politics concerning the Irish Language . Some Irish feel it should be preserved at all costs, others think it is an impractical burden.
- In some contexts, the terms "Ireland" and "Irish" refer to just the Republic and in other contexts they include Northern Ireland . For example, phrases such as "the Irish economy" and "Irish politics" exclude Northern Ireland while "the Irish weather" and "archaeology in Ireland" almost certainly include it. One almost has to be Irish to understand the subtleties of this usage and the Irish understand that other people may be confused.
- Many Irish will remain pleasant and polite rather than reveal their displeasure over certain actions by strangers, especially overseas visitors. Nevertheless, unflattering comparisons between Ireland and the visitor’s homeland, exploitation of a host's hospitality and other boorish behavior will be well noted and the perpetrators of such will be avoided.
- The legal ban on smoking in workplaces (including bars, restaurants and offices) is almost universally observed. When visiting, rather than lighting a cigarette in someone's house or asking permission to smoke, ask to be excused to step outside for a Cigarette
- When invited to a person's house for dinner, bring sweets or a bottle of wine. Do not bring food other than a dessert as this implies the host's food is of an inferior quality. Gifts of flowers are usually reserved for romantic exchanges but are acceptable when its clear that isn't the intention (such as one couple bringing another couple "a bouquet for the table"). As a guideline, don't spend less than €5.00 on your dinner gift or more than €20.00.
- When visiting, guests are obligated to accept a beverage (at least) and perhaps a snack and hosts are obligated to keep insisting until they do ("Ah have a cup of tea in your hand, go on"). It is not impolite for a guest to make a request such as "do you have anything cold to drink instead?" but a request that is too specific ("do you have coffee?") and cannot be filled may distress a polite host and have undesired results, such as the host sending their spouse to buy some.
- When someone visits around mealtime, it is typical to lay a place at the table and insist that they join.
- Despite invidious stereotypes perpetuated overseas, over-indulgence in alcohol is taboo in Ireland and uncommon except among some young people. Pubs are a place to socialize rather than a place to drink to a stupor. Implying otherwise is rude.
- When out with friends, co-workers or relatives, it is customary for people to take turns buying Rounds Of Drinks . SIRC {Link without Title}
- Do not buy gifts for work colleagues in Ireland. To do so would be regarded as strange, inappropriate and unprofessional. On the other hand, on returning from a trip abroad, it is gracious to bring a food treat (such as a box of sweets) to be shared around.
- Niceties such as saying "good morning" to a shopkeeper upon entering a store or "thank you" to the driver when disembarking a bus are prevalent in Irish society.
- When noting the customs mentioned below in regards to the United Kingdom, many matters of politeness apply such as Queuing up for items, saying "excuse me" whenever accidental body contact occurs, and not eating fried potatoes with the fingers in a restaurant. The Irish tend to be a bit more effusive and less restrained than their neighbours in the UK and might be more likely to (for example) hug their In-laws than make do with a handshake.
- If you are of American nationality and you are visiting Ireland, it is impolite to say that you are of Irish nationality (even if you have Irish blood). To Irish people, you are only Irish if you grew-up or were born in Ireland.
- Do not stare at people. In Ireland it means you want to fight (for a man), or you want to kiss (for a woman).
n people take pride in their heritage as explorers and colonizers. Shown here is the Gokstad Viking Ship on display in Oslo , Norway .]]
As Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway and Sweden share aspects of a common cultural heritage, some guidelines about etiquette may apply throughout the Nordic Countries . It is still inconsiderate, however, to blur the distinctions between these nations, particularly Finland, which is not a Scandinavian country and does not have a Scandinavian language. One should also note that the term Scandinavia is somewhat ambiguous in the English language but generally refers only to the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the region.
- Many people of Scandinavia n descent are proud of their heritage as explorers and colonizers during the Viking Age , but it is impolite to trivialize that heritage by suggesting that all Vikings did was go on raids, perpetuating false stereotypes such as the wearing of horned helmets, or imply that Vikings are what one should think of when Scandinavia or Nordic countries are mentioned.Cavendish International (Asia) Pte. Ltd. ISBN 1-55868-767-X.
- Eating only very little of the food placed on ones plate or leaving only a few bits on ones plate implies that the taste or quality was poor and it could not be eaten. If you are unable to finish what you have been served, be sure to express your gratitude for the very fine meal - and that unfortunately you can not eat that much.
- Never fill your plate with more than you can eat.
- Using your personal utensils to help yourself to more food will taint the dish and prevent others from eating it.
- The legal ban on smoking in public places (including bars, restaurants and offices) is almost universally observed. Rather than lighting a cigarette in someone's house or asking permission to smoke, ask to be excused to step outside for a cigarette.
- In many homes, shoes and outerwear are removed in the Foyer .
- In some regions, that of Finland most notably, people tend to be more reserved and soft spoken than others. In social situations, they may be more comfortable with periods of silence than people from the English -speaking world are accustomed to and may regard behavior appropriate in many other places as boisterous.
- Prolonged eye contact with strangers may be considered intrusive. When making eye contact, immediately move your gaze elsewhere or smile politely. Elderly people (70+) will appreciate a polite nod and smile.
- Physical contact with strangers should be avoided, and apologised for if accidental.
- If hosting a meeting or receiving guests, coffee is expected.
- In the Nordic countries, titles such as Mr., Mrs., Professor, Doctor, etc. are not used. Younger people usually call each others by first name regardless of relationship, and the T-V Distinction is not used even though it exists. In formal written communication, a person should be addressed by first and surname.
- It is important to be on time for appointments or meetings.
- In Iceland, most people do not have surnames but Patronymic s. A person's last name is his/her father's first name in Genitive with -son or -dóttir added according to the person's sex. Icelanders do not change their name upon marriage (this being illegal) so asking a spouse's last name is not impolite. Icelanders never refer to each other by last name only. In formal situations the whole name is used.
- It is considered polite to stop for pedestrians on roads.
- It is generally considered polite to hold a door open (or give it an extra push open) rather than let it close in the face of someone following you. If someone opens or holds a door open for you, you must always thank them.
in the United Kingdom (such as the historic The George Inn in London ) friends customarily buy Rounds Of Drinks for one another.]]
- In the United Kingdom, a " V Sign " made with palm towards the viewer can signify either "V for victory" or the "peace" sign of the 1960s . Done backwards, with the palm towards to one giving the signal, this gesture is the equivalent to " The Finger ".
- It is generally considered polite to hold a door open (or give it an extra push open) rather than let it slam in the face of someone following you. If someone opens or holds a door open for you, you must always thank them.
- A small gift for the host given upon entering such as flowers for the table or wine or chocolates for the meal combined with subdued thanks is common.
- In business mentioning when the person who called a meeting is late can be seen as impolite; if they are important enough to call the meeting they are important enough to wait for.
- Tea or coffee are offered to guests almost universally. Among some groups, especially at night, a glass of wine or beer may take its place.
- Touching someone to get their attention (except ''in extremis'') or accidentally touching someone without saying "excuse me" or "sorry" is impolite. This especially counts if said person is a stranger, such as in a shop or pub.
- Eating chips (french fries) with fingers is not done in a restaurant or at a meal in someone's home. Use a fork instead. This does not apply in a Fast Food establishment. Fingers are used to eat meat on the bone, such as chicken legs.
- Queuing (i.e. "lining up") is expected when there is any demand for an item. The only exception to this is a Pub . However it is still rude to accept service from a Barperson before someone who has been waiting longer. A simple nod or subtle gesture towards the person who has waited longer will be understood by any experienced server.
- When out with friends, co-workers or relatives, it is customary for people to take turns buying Rounds Of Drinks . SIRC {Link without Title}
- Whereas "asking nicely" is often sufficient for politeness in the USA, tone of voice is not adequate for polite requests in the UK: one should include "please" with all requests.
- Summoning shop workers or servers with gestures, or particularly with snapping of fingers, is considered rude.
- It is considered rude not to bag one's own groceries at the check-out. This is a faux pas commonly committed by Americans as bags are commonly packed by store employees in the US. In some shops, particularly supermarkets, help with packing may be offered by the cashier before they begin checking out your items.
- England is a kingdom ''within'' the United Kingdom. Ignoring the Subdivisions Of The United Kingdom and referring to the whole as "England" is insulting to the inhabitants of Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . Sensitivity is appreciated regarding national identity (some prefer to be "English", some "British", some "Scottish", etc.).
- In Northern Ireland , be particularly aware that some people identify as "Irish" while others identify as "British" and a faux pas made in this area will rarely pass without comment. The term "Northern Irish" is perhaps least likely to offend. Asking people whether they are Catholic or Protestant is insensitive.
Throughout Southern Europe , many people conduct ordinary conversations in a more lively manner than that which other people, especially Northern Europe ans, are accustomed. Loud volume, gesticulation for emphasis, interruptions and casual body contact that might seem rude or boisterous elsewhere is ordinary. Erin Richards Cultural Etiquette September 19th, 2006
- In some homes throughout Croatia , shoes are taken off before entering. When a host insists the guest keep them on it may be a sign of respect.
- The a " V Sign " and " Thumbs Up " mean “victory” and “ Okay ” respectively. Making an "O" with index and thumb with other fingers extended has positive meaning, and is usually connected with something deemed "first class", such as well prepared food. Elsewhere in Europe these gestures can have impolite meanings.
- Kissing cheeks after or while handshaking can be impolite. When appropriate, people kiss once on each cheek. In Međimurje , it is a tradition to kiss four times, twice for each cheek. Also, kissing cheeks as a greeting is only acceptable between family members and close friends. It is not appropriate in business or formal situations.
- It may be preferable to refer to Croatia as a Southern European or a Central European country rather than a Balkan country.
- When offering cigars, sweets, or similar items from an assortment, it is impolite to select one for the receiver. The whole assortment should be offered to the receiver so he/she can choose. It is rude to take more than one when selecting.
- Introduce others before introducing one's self. Also, when referring to others in some context involving yourself, put yourself last. Ex. "Ann and I went to see a movie" NOT "Me and Ann went to see a movie."
or the scenes such as these boats docked on Samos Island , visitors to Greece should be aware of some specific ways in which Greeks indicate "yes" and "no".]]
- In Greece , signifying "five" or "stop" by holding up five fingers with the palm towards the observer may be mistaken for an offensive gesture akin to The Finger . When signifying "five" the palm should face the speaker to avoid a faux pas. A more obvious obscene gesture to be avoided involves making a fist with the thumb placed between the middle and index fingers.
- "Hello" might also be conveyed with a raised index finger and a closed palm. North American-style arm waving is rude.
- In a restaurant or other dining establishment, it is good manners to offer to pay for everyone on the table, especially when one has not dined with that company for some time. It is generally expected that this will be reciprocated in another setting. Friendly disputes for the check are usual. Close friends or young people generally share the amount when they dine together.
- When greeting someone, it is generally appropriate to kiss them if they are relatives or close friends, even of the same Gender . A kiss on each cheek is usually appropriate. Some, especially the elderly, will take care to only touch cheeks with the person they are greeting. This does not diminish the symbolism of the gesture, and is done with proper hygiene in mind.
- While lack of table manners is considered a faux pas, a meal is considered a time of merriment, company, and celebration. Talking and laughter are commonplace, and one is generally expected to participate in such, even if it involves simply smiling or nodding.
- "Goodbye" is indicated by facing the palm ''towards'' yourself with fingers raised and then moving the fingers up and down. Resembling the gesture used elsewhere for "come here", this gesture can confuse non- Greeks . Most of the times, gesturing likewise with the palm facing outwards is also appropriate and understandable.
- "Yes" and "no" are indicated by nodding the head only once: downwards for yes and upwards for no. Shaking the head several times may be considered bizarre, uncivilized, silly or simply incomprehensible.
- Another way "no" is conveyed is by a slight raise of the eyebrows, often accompanied by a "tsk" sound. Failing to receive the message can result in embarrassment.
- Greeks have a saying about stingy people that amounts to, "he would not even offer a glass of water to his guardian angel." Not offering a guest a glass of water or other refreshing drink can be rude, especially when the warm Mediterranean weather has taken its toll on the visitor.
- Whether coming to sightsee or to pray, it is frowned upon to enter a church with short pants, sleeveless shirts, or other Immodest clothes. Christians of all denominations are encouraged to make the sign of the cross when entering a church; this obviously does not apply to non-Christians. In conversation, it is polite to have at least a basic understanding of how Greek Orthodoxy is distinct from the other Christian traditions.
is appropriate when visiting holy places worldwide. Certainly short pants and Tank Top s are not appropriate when visiting Churches in Italy and Vatican City . Shown here is St. Peter's Basilica .]]
- When visiting a home in Italy it is impolite to remove one's coat until asked. Also, it is customary to ask to enter the home, with "permesso."
- Rather than biting into a piece of bread, it is more polite to break off (not cut with a knife) a small piece and place it whole into one's mouth.
- Putting one's hat on a bed is impolite and reminiscent of how a priest would lay his hat on a bed while performing Last Rites .
- Upon entering a shop, it is proper to greet the proprietor with ''Buongiorno'' or some other polite greeting, even if just browsing.
- It is usually impolite to begin drinking before everyone has been served a drink and a toast has been made (even just raising glasses for a second). It is equally impolite to begin eating before everyone has been served.
- Before eating, people typically exchange wish one another ''Buon appetito''. Such practice should be avoided in extremely formal occasion (e.g. a banquet in an embassy) because it could be seen as vulgar behavior.
- It is inappropriate to rest one's hands under the table or to have one's elbows on it.
- Complimenting on food and asking for more is widely regarded as a very polite thing to do and every host is expected to prepare food in abundance. It is also customary, since family lunches last until late in the afternoon, to ask guests to stay for dinner and help finish all the food.
- Asking for the check immediately after finishing one's meal is impolite. One's dining companions will typically expect time to relax and enjoy ''un caffè'' (a coffee) and ''ammazzacaffè'' (after-dinner Liqueur ). Doing otherwise is acceptable only if all the people having the meal are in a similar hurry (e.g. during a work Lunch break).
- In a related matter, Italians may conduct business at a different pace than that to which others may be accustomed. Attention is often paid to building relationships before getting down to the bottom line. Conducting Business, Italian Style
- Whether coming to sightsee or to pray, it is improper to enter a church in Italy or Vatican City with short pants, sleeveless shirts, or Immodest clothing. Violators may be denied admission or asked to leave, especially with larger churches.
- While Church Scandals , personal Piety and other religious matters are popular topics of conversation between friends, approach these subjects carefully. Likewise, Italy has a tumultuous political history and this topic should be approached with due consideration.
- Many Italians take pride in ''una Bella Figura '' or what English-speakers might call “a sense of fashion”. This means formal business attire is often expected for the workplace and stylish clothing is typical for social situations. Conducting Business, Italian Style
- Remember that Italy has strong regional and local traditions: assuming that a custom of Rome is also customary in Turin or in Palermo is usually a bad idea.
- Due to its history and traditions, it is considered offensive to refer to the Sardinian Language as an Italian dialect. Being traditionally Shepherd s it might be rude to refer Sardinians as an ignorant people.
- When greeting a friend or a relative of either sex, it is usual to exchange a kiss on both cheeks. Kissing a person that has just been presented is very unusual.
- When being introduced to someone or greeting a friend in Portugal , it is common to shake hands and a kiss on each cheek is exchanged as well. Two kisses are standard for friends, while one is standard for family. Sometimes, but not always, three is used between members of the opposite sex, to display a platonic friendship. These also applies for good-byes. Note: often, if both participants are male, a handshake is considered sufficient.
- Not all Portuguese People understand Spanish and it is impolite to assume that they do. Responding "I don't speak Spanish" when spoken to in Portuguese is likely to both offend and make you seem idiotic and uneducated.
- Talking about the Estado Novo (1928-1974) in causal conservation is deemed inappropriate. Many people experiences of the time vary differently, sometimes good and sometimes bad.
- During dinner, it is impolite to place your elbows on the table, or your hands below it.
- Never begin dinner until the server wishes you a "bom apetite"
- Always extend an offer to more than one, for example, it is common for a host to offer his/her guest food more than twice. It is considered rude to only offer something once.
- The Portuguese are a very formal people; you should, as they do, emphasize formality by being extremely polite and modest.
- Always lower your head and eyes for a split second when first greating an elderly person.
- It is impolite to insist that you are correct. The Portuguese rather simply disagree than impose.
- Pointing your finger is considered very rude; instead, you should point with an open hand.
- Never stretch in public
- Avoid turning your back towards someone. If you have no choice, apologize beforehand.
- Never use red ink. Only teachers or people of "corrective" authority are "allowed" to use red ink.
- Always use knife and fork, even for apparently obvious fork food. The UK style cut-place knife-switch to fork is not good manners.
- When yawning or touching your face in any way, use the back of your hand. Using the front is considered brute.
- In Serbia , leaving a glass full when one is done drinking is a traditional way to invite wealth and prosperity into a home.
- People kiss each other three times for greetings (does not matter if they are male or female) if they are relatives (not appropriate for another relationship such as business. Strangers shake hands.)
- Sharing bills in the restaurants or café is unusual in some parts of a country. If the people go out together, they buy Rounds Of Drinks .
of Spain are proud of their identity. As the Basque Language is unrelated to other languages spoken in Europe, implying that it is a Dialect of Spanish demonstrates ignorance. Shown here is Basque Liverpool FC 's star midfielder Xabi Alonso .]]
- In Spain , observe the same guidelines regarding handshakes and kisses on the cheek mentioned in regards to Portugal.
- At restaurants it is considered rude for the staff to bring a customer the check without the customer first requesting it.
- Leaving a tip at restaurants and drinking establishments is a common practice, though it is not necessary and the amount is usually low. Normally one leaves coins from the change when paying with cash and no tip at all when paying by credit card.
- Within Spain there are at least the four distinct ethno-linguistic groups: Galician , Catalan , Spanish & Basque . Nearly everyone speaks the dominant language, ''Castellano'' Spanish, but being ignorant of the other cultures is impolite. Also, do not refer to the other three languages as Dialect s of Spanish.
- In a related issue, there are independence movements within Spain among the groups mentioned with strong feelings on both sides of the issue. Be careful and respectful when discussing this.
- Some other "hot issues" in Spain are Bullfighting , Religion , and political issues surrounding Fascism and Nationalism . Regarding the last one, as Spain suffered a Civil War within living memory, emotions run deep.
- One usually waves and/or says hello to people in such situations as entering a shop and seeing shopkeeper or spying a neighbor, even someone with whom one has never had conversation.
- When entering a place where there are people eating, it is polite to tell them to enjoy their meal ''que aproveche''. Of course this wouldn't apply in a large restaurant.
country, many points of Etiquette In The Middle East apply here as well. Shown here is the interior dome of the Selimiye Mosque in the city of Edirne .]]
- As Turkey has a Muslim Majority , many points of Etiquette In The Middle East apply here as well. As much of Turkey is in Asia , many points of Etiquette In Asia also apply, such as notes regarding the respect paid to older people.
- Any comment to a person about the appearance of the latter's female relatives or wife might be seen as rude.
- If invited to dinner, one is expected to bring something (usually dessert). Avoid bringing alcohol unless sure that the host partakes.
- Friends might greet each other by handshaking and touching or kissing the cheeks. This is inappropriate for business.
- Shoes are often taken off in the foyer (not outside the house unless they are especially dirty). Slippers may be offered. It is a faux pas to refuse slippers unless one’s socks are extremely clean and in good condition.
- Hosts typically insist that guests keep eating. One needn’t eat much, but should at least taste a bit of everything on the table and express appreciation for the taste and quality.
- The American okay sign should not be used, as it's regarded as the symbol for homosexuality and might offend the people around you. Also putting your thumb between your index and middle finger is a highly offensive sign and should be avoided.
- Belgium contains several separate ethno-linguistic communities, including the Dutch -speaking community of Flanders , the French -speaking community of the Walloon Region and a relatively small German-speaking Community in the east of Belgium. At times terms such as Walloon or Flemish indicate cultural identity, while other times they indicate only geographical location. Belgians themselves are still wrestling with these terms and a little understanding of that fact goes a long way.
- The Flemish political party Vlaams Belang is excluded from any coalition government by the so-called '' Cordon Sanitaire '' and this is a bad issue to raise in conversation. Many Belgians are secretive about their political views, as reflected in a discrepancy between exit polls and actual election results.Ongeloofwaardige opiniepeiling van De Standaard/VRT {Link without Title}
- Kissing is usually done upon entering the house of people you're visiting. The number of kisses differ from province to province. For instance, in the province of West-Flanders it's common to kiss three times starting on the left. Kissing is only done between two women or a man and a woman, not between men, who usually shake hands. Kissing relatives and friends you often see is not common, only friends you don't often see or only on special occasions, like New Year's eve and birthdays.
- Offensive gestures like waving your fist to someone or flipping someone off is not done, but note that some people do use their middle finger to point at things. This is only common among people older than 40.
observe some particular points of etiquette related to respect for and appreciation of Wine . Shown here is the Pont-de-Pierre in Bordeaux , "wine capital of the world" and producer of Bordeaux Wine .]]
- Many French people expect foreigners to address (or try to address) them in French. It's considered impolite to open a conversation with a (French) stranger in another language. Instead, etiquette demands that something at resembling ''Pardonnez-moi, s’il vous plaît. Parlez-vous {Link without Title} ?'' be voiced.Sally Adamson Taylor. (2004) ''Culture Shock! France (Culture Shock! France)'', Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte. Ltd. ISBN 1-55868-767-X.
- Not finishing one's food implies that the taste or quality was poor and it could not be eaten or the host does not correctly serve the quantity of food one needs.
- Not finishing the wine is considered very rude as it indicates that the host has served a wine of poor quality.
- The rule about not pouring one's drink first mentioned at the start of this article does apply. However, with a newly opened bottle of Wine it is considerate to pour a little bit of wine in one's own glass first so that stray cork particles don't go into another person's drink.
- Bringing a bottle of wine to someone's house for dinner suggests that the hosts won't be providing wine of adequate quality. An exception might be when one explains that they have discovered a good wine and wish to share a sample and get their host's opinion. Giving Gifts
- It is a faux pas to judge a wine based on only one characteristic, such as the region where it is produced or, (most especially) price. Giving Gifts
- Putting a piece of bread on one's plate is uncouth. Leave it on the table beside the plate. Also, rather than biting into a piece of bread, it is more polite to break off (not cut with a knife) a small piece and place it whole into one's mouth. Food and Culture
- It is inappropriate to rest one's hands under the table or to have one's elbows on it.
- For both sexes, shaking hands with a woman in a casual context is distancing. Embracing (holding each other loosely in the arms while lightly kissing each other's cheek) is usually expected. The number of cheek-kisses varies from region to region between 2, 3 or 4. Ming TV
- The American " Okay Gesture " means "zero" or "worthless" in France.
may also apply wherever German-speaking People can be found here. Shown here are Vinyard s owned by the Prince Of Liechtenstein , ruler of the smallest German -speaking country in the world.]]
- People in Germany do not typically hug or kiss to be polite. Such affectionate greetings are usually reserved for close friends and relatives.
- Be wary of touching someone who is not an intimate or close friend. It may be considered inappropriate. This may extend to a person's belongings.
- If the name of a person is known, it is expected to be added to a salutation (i.e. "''Guten Tag, Herr/Frau ...''" instead of just "''Guten Tag''").
- A bunch of flower should not be presented in wrapping paper.
- It has become impolite to refer to an adolescent unmarried female as ''Fräulein'' because the term has been used increasingly to refer to misbehaving little girls. All women should now be referred to as ''Frau''.
- When indoors, take off your winter jacket and hat. It is considered rude to continue wearing a jacket and might make some people think you're just dropping in and might leave at any moment so that it's not even worth taking off your outer shell. In this vein, it might be considered disrespectful. For those unused to the cool German winter, a solution might be to take off your jacket initially and than put it back on later when you feel too cold.
- It is good manners to greet and say good bye to strangers in such situations as a waiting room or a shared table in a fast food restaurant. In some situations, like when entering an elevator, such pleasantries are optional.
- Although discussing political topics is not generally frowned upon, it is impolite to ask how someone will vote in a specific matter.
- The Third Reich is a sensitive subject. Nazi Symbolism and gestures are illegal in Germany, as is denying the Holocaust .
- It is acceptable to sit with complete strangers in German restaurants or diners, especially when seating is limited. However, one should always ask if the seat is free before sitting down.
- People often wish each other ''Guten Appetit'' ("good appetite/enjoy the meal") before eating.
- German pubs (especially older ones) commonly feature a bell hanging over the counter. One shouldn't ring it unless they intend to buy a round for everyone in the establishment.
- Following an academic lecture, it is considered polite to knock lightly on the table/bench instead of clapping. The latter is considered inappropriate. Not knocking is usually fine, too.
- At work, people often bring cake or sweets or buy lunch for colleagues on their own birthday or when leaving the company. Colleagues may collect money for a shared gift on such occasions.
- Public display of affection, such as holding hands or kissing, is commonly accepted but may be inappropriate in certain surroundings (work, church, high class restaurants, etc.)
- Waving of one's hand from left to right in front of the face is a gesture indicating that someone is crazy or deranged. The "tapped in the head" and "you've got a screw loose" gestures used among English speakers are employed by Germans as well. All of them are rude.
- People in Germany can use phrases like "please" and "thank you" more sparingly than many English-speakers and may use voice tones that sound unkind to those unfamiliar with inflection in the German Language . Accordingly, be careful not to mistake this difference for rudeness or hostility when there is none.
- Many Germans make a strong division between work and personal life; calling a German at home to discuss business is rarely appreciated.
- Some of the points of etiquette mentioned here will hold true for German-speaking People elsewhere in Europe including those in Austria , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Switzerland , the province of Bolzano-Bozen in Italy and various locations in Eastern Europe (especially within Russia and Kazakhstan ).
- As Austria is a traditionally Roman Catholic nation, greetings such as Grüß Gott are very common, but would be inappropriate in Protestant Germany (i.e. outside Bavaria).
- It is considered very rude to refer to an Austrian as a German. Though they speak the same language, Austrians are very proud of their separate national identity.
See Also: Dutch etiquette
al buildings in The Hague lie within the region of the Netherlands known as Holland , as do such other well-known places as Amsterdam and Rotterdam . However, "Holland" and "Netherlands" are not synonymous and it is considered a lack of education rather than ignorance not to know this.]]
- Holland is a historical region within the Netherlands. Referring to the modern country as "Holland" is incorrect, though offense will rarely be taken.
- Being invited to visit in the afternoon does not imply a dinner invitation and it is rude for the guest to extend such a visit into mealtime unless specifically invited further by the host.
- Promptness is a sign of courtesy to the extent that being more than five minutes early or late (without a proper explanation) is impolite, even with close friends.
- It is traditional to kiss family and friends three times on alternating cheeks upon each meeting.
- When arriving at a birthday party, one is expected to shake hands with everyone present and to congratulate everyone related to the occasion. For example, children are congratulated on the birthday of their parents and vice versa.The Undutchables by Colin White & Lourie Boucke, page 135
- When out with friends, co-workers or relatives, it is customary for people to take turns buying rounds of drinks.
- It is usually impolite to begin drinking before everyone has been served a drink and a toast has been made (even just raising glasses for a second). It is equally impolite to begin eating before everyone has been served.
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