| Emission Standards |
Article Index for Emission |
Website Links For Emission |
Information AboutEmission Standards |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT EMISSION STANDARD | |
| emission standards | |
| environment | |
| air pollution | |
| air dispersion modeling | |
|
Standards generally regulate the emissions of NOx , Particulate Matter (PM) or Soot , Carbon Monoxide (CO), or volatile Hydrocarbon s (see Carbon Dioxide Equivalent ). VEHICLES AND CO<SUB>2</SUB> See Also: Carbon dioxide equivalent The main components of automobile exhaust are nitrogen (N2), use and Land-use change. IPCC , '''' . The CO2 emission standards can be referred to the Fuel or to the vehicle :
Low Carbon Fuel Standard Transportation accounts for forty percent of California's annual Greenhouse Gas Emission s, and California relies on Petroleum-based Fuel s for 96 percent of its transportation needs. The s to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the California Market meets, on average, a declining target for Greenhouse Gas emissions measured in CO2-equivalent grammes per unit of fuel energy sold. By 2020, the LCFS will produce a '''10 %''' reduction in GHG emissions from production and use of fuel in Passenger Vehicle s in California. AMERICAS USA In the United States , emissions standards are managed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as some State governments. Some of the strictest standards in the world are Enforce d in California by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), following the California AB 1493 . Light-duty vehicles See Also: Tier (emission standard) Currently, vehicles sold in the United States must meet " Tier II " standards that went into effect in 2004 . " Tier II" standards are currently being phased in—a process that should be complete by 2009 . Within the Tier II ranking, there is a subranking ranging from BIN 1-10, with 1 being the cleanest (Zero Emission vehicle) and 10 being the dirtiest. The former Tier 1 standards that were effective from 1994 until 2003 were different between automobiles and Light Truck s ( SUV s, Pickup Truck s, and Minivan s), but Tier II standards are the same for both types. A common measurement system for American standards is the somewhat confusing mixed-standard unit of Gram s per Mile . There are several ratings that can be given to vehicles. A certain percentage of the cars produced by major manufacturers must meet these different levels in order for the company to sell their products in affected regions. Tier 1 has been the baseline used. Beyond Tier 1, in increasing stringency, there are:
The last category is largely restricted to electric vehicles and Hydrogen Car s, although such vehicles are usually not entirely non-polluting. In those cases, the other emissions are transferred to another site, such as a Power Plant or Hydrogen Reforming center, unless such sites run on Renewable Energy . However, a battery-powered Electric Vehicle charged from the California Power Grid will still be up to ten times cleaner than even the cleanest gasoline vehicles over their respective lifetimes. The above standards are being made even more stringent. Tier 2 variations are appended with "II", such as LEV II or SULEV II. There are other categories that have also been created.
PZEVs meet SULEV emission standards, but in addition have zero evaporative emissions and an extended (15-year/150,000 Mile ) warranty on their emission-control equipment. Several ordinary gasoline vehicles from the 2001 and later model years qualify as PZEVs; in addition, if a PZEV has technology that can also be used in ZEVs like an Electric Motor or high-pressure gaseous fuel tanks for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), it qualifies as an AT-PZEV. Hybrid Electric Vehicle s like the Toyota Prius can qualify, as can Internal Combustion Engine vehicles that run on natural gas like the Honda Civic GX. These vehicles are called "partial" ZEVs because they receive partial credit in place of ZEVs that automakers would otherwise be required to sell in California. The Greenhouse Gas Score reflects the exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), a greenhouse gas, and one of the biggest by-products of engine combustion. The Greenhouse Gas Score allows you to compare the expected amount of greenhouse gas emissions for different vehicles. The scoring is from 0 to 10, where 10 is the best because it represents the lowest amount of greenhouse gases. :"In Europe and the United States, particulate emissions from vehicles are expected to decline over the next decade. For example, by 2005, the European Union will introduce more stringent standards for particulate emissions from light duty vehicles of 0.025 grams per kilometer grams per mile . Even under these standards, diesel-powered cars may still warm the climate more over the next 100 years than may gasoline-powered cars, according to the study. :The state of California is implementing an even more restrictive standard in 2004, allowing only 0.006 grams per kilometer grams per mile of particulate emissions. Even if the California standard were introduced worldwide, says Jacobson, diesel cars may still warm the climate more than gasoline cars over 13 to 54 years." Particulate Emissions California standard uses Grams Per Mile Average CO2-equivalent Value , which means that emissions of the various greenhouse gases are weighted to take into account their differing impact on climate change (i.e. in 2009, 323 g/mi for Passenger Car s).http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/nr092404.htm See also : GHG Vehicle Test Group , Upstream Emission Factor , Greenhouse Gas Credit and Grenhouse Gas Debit . Heavy-duty vehicles EUROPE European Union See Also: European emission standards The European Union has its own set of emission standards that all new vehicles must meet. Currently, standards are set for all road vehicles, trains, barges and 'nonroad mobile machinery' (such as tractors). No standards apply to seagoing ships or airplanes. The emissions standards change based on the test cycle used: ECE R49 (old) and ESC ( European Steady Cycle , since 2000). Currently there are no standards for CO2 emissions. The ) and labelling. In late 2005, the European Commission started working on a proposal for a new law to limit CO2 emissions from carshttp://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061103/sc_afp/eutransportauto_061103190746 "EU to introduce legislation as car makers fail on emission targets" AFP, 3 November 2006 . s calls to extend Deadline to implement CO2 reduction standards. Transport And Environment (T&E) said new-car emissions from European producers slipped to 160 grams per kilometre (g/km) on average last year (0.2 percent in 2006), still way off a voluntary goal of 140 g/km by 2008. http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44167/story.htm Russia ASIA China Due to rapidly expanding wealth and prosperity, the number of Coal Power Plant s and cars on China's roads is rapidly growing, creating an ongoing pollution problem. China enacted its first emissions controls on automobiles in 2000, equivalent to Euro I standards. They were upgraded again in 2005 to Euro II. More strigent emission controls will go into effect in 2007, equivalent to Euro III standards. Plans are for Euro IV standards to take effect in 2010. India Background The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 - 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 1. The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. {Link without Title} Trucks and Buses Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 1. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage) More details on Euro I-III regulations can be found in the EU heavy-duty engine standards page. Light duty diesel vehicles Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. Light duty gasoline vehicles =4-wheel vehicles Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). =3- and 2-wheel vehicles Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables. {Link without Title} Overview of the emission norms in India
Japan AFRICA SEE ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
EU |
|
|