Information AboutEdom |
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Edom () is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible , as well as to the nation descending from him. The nation's name in Assyrian was '''Udumi'''; in Syriac , '''ܐܕܘܡ'''; in Greek , '''Ἰδουμαία''' (Idoumaía); in Latin , '''Idumæa''' or '''Idumea'''. The Edomite people were a Semitic -speaking tribal group inhabiting the Negev Desert and the Aravah valley of what is now southern Israel and adjacent Jordan . The region has much reddish sandstone, which may have given rise to the name "Edom". The nation of Edom is known to have existed back to the 8th or 9th Century BC E, and the Bible dates it back several centuries further. Recent archeological evidence may indicate an Edomite nation as long ago as the 11th Century BC E, but the topic is controversial. The nation ceased to exist with the Jewish-Roman Wars . THE EDOMITES The Edomites may have been connected with the Shasu and Shutu , nomadic raiders mentioned in Egypt ian sources. Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom" to watering holes in Egyptian territory.Redford, ''Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times'', Princeton Univ. Press, 1992. p.228, 318. In the Bible The Bible identifies Esau as the twin brother (though not an identical twin) of Jacob, the grandson of Abraham . Jacob became the father of the Israelites after God () renamed Jacob "Israel." Thus Esau shared his mother's womb together with the founder of the nation of Israel . Juan Manuel Tebes. (2006) "You Shall Not Abhor an Edomite, for He is Your Brother": The Tradition of Esau and the Edomite Genealogies from an Anthropological Perspective, ''Journal of Hebrew Scriptures'' 6/6 Free access See . Although Esau was Isaac's first-born entitled to inherit Isaac's wealth and blessing, Esau sold his birthright to his younger brother Jacob (Israel). The descendants of Esau and Israel led divergent paths while the Israelites spent approximately 400 years in Egypt before returning to the land of Canaan in modern-day Israel. Thus, the Edomites laid claim to having established kings and a kingdom long before the Israelites. The Bible explains the name "Edom" with no mention of red rock. It refers to the Edomites as descendants of ''). The Edomites' original country, according to the Tanakh , stretched from the Sinai peninsula as far as Kadesh Barnea . Southward it reached as far as Eilat , which was the seaport of Edom.; On the north of Edom was the territory of Moab .; The boundary between Moab and Edom was the Wadi Zered . The ancient capital of Edom was Bozrah ; , , et al. According to Genesis, Esau's descendants settled in this land after displacing the Horites . It was also called the land of Seir ; Mount Seir appears to have been strongly identified with them and may have been a cultic site. In the time of Amaziah (838 BCE), Selah ( Petra ) was its principal stronghold; Eilat and Ezion-geber its Seaport s. Genesis 36 chronicles Esau's family and the kings of Edom: These are the kings who ruled in the land of Edom before a king ruled the children of Israel. And , clan Alvah , clan Jetheth , clan Aholibamah , clan Elah , clan Pinon , clan Kenaz , clan Teman , clan Mibzar , clan Magdiel , clan Iram . The Hebrew word translated as "clan" is '' Aluf '', also translated as "chief", "general", or "duke", and used in this sense only in connection with Edom and Hori. (Since 1948 it has been used for senior ranks in the Israeli Defense Force ). If the account may be taken at face value, the kingship of Edom was, at least in early times, not Hereditary ,1 perhaps Elective .2 First Chronicles mentions both a king and Chieftain s. When the King of Edom refused to allow the children of Israel, King James Version 1611 to pass through his land on their way to Canaan , they detoured around the country because of his show of force or because God ordered them to do so rather than wage war. The King of Edom did not attack the Israelites, though he prepared to resist aggression. , c. 830s BC E. ]] Nothing further is recorded of the Edomites in the Tanakh until their defeat by King Saul of Israel in the late 1000s BCE. Forty years later King David and his general Joab defeated the Edomites in the "valley of salt," (probably near the Dead Sea ).; An Edomite prince named Hadad escaped and fled to Egypt , and after David's death returned and tried to start a rebellion, but failed and went to Syria.; Josephus , '' Jewish Antiquities '' viii. 7, S 6 From that time Edom remained a Vassal of Israel. David placed over the Edomites Israelite governors or prefects, and this form of government seems to have continued under Solomon . When Israel divided into two kingdoms Edom became a dependency of the Kingdom Of Judah . In the time of Jehoshaphat (c. 914 BCE) the Tanakh mentions a King Of Edom ,I who was probably an Israelite appointed by the King Of Judah . It also states that the inhabitants of Mount Seir invaded Judea in conjunction with Ammon and Moab, and that the invaders turned against one another and were all destroyed. Edom revolted against Jehoram and elected a king of its own.; Amaziah attacked and defeated the Edomites, seizing Selah, but the Israelites never subdued Edom completely.; In the time of Nebuchadnezzar II the Edomites helped plunder Jerusalem and slaughter the Jews.; For this reason the Prophets denounced Edom violently.; ; Obadiah ''passim'' Although the Idumaeans controlled the lands to the east and south of the Dead Sea, their peoples were held in contempt by the Israelites. Hence the , the congregation could not receive descendants of a marriage between an Israelite and an Edomite until the fourth generation. This law was a subject of controversy between Shimon Ben Yohai , who said it applied only to male descendants, and other Talmud ists, who said female descendants were also excluded. Yevamot 76b Economy The Kingdom of Edom drew much of its livelihood from the caravan trade between Egypt, the , the Edomites were one of several states in the region for whom trade was vital due to the scarcity of arable land. It is also said that sea routes traded as far away as India , with ships leaving from the port of Ezion-Geber . Edom's location on the southern highlands left it with only a small strip of land that received sufficient rain for farming. Edom probably exported Salt and Balsam (used for perfume and Temple incense in the ancient world) from the Dead Sea region. Post-Biblical times Edom is mentioned in at the time of Tiglath-pileser III (c. 745 BCE), Malik-rammu at the time of Sennacherib (c. 705 BCE), and Ḳaus-gabri at the time of Esarhaddon (c. 680 BCE). According to the Egyptian inscriptions, the "Aduma" at times extended their possessions to the borders of Egypt.Müller, ''Asien und Europa,'' p. 135. After the conquest of Judah by the Babylonians , the Edomites were allowed to settle in the region south of Hebron . They prospered in this new country, called by the Greeks and Romans "Idumaea" or "Idumea", for more than four centuries.; Ptolemy, "Geography," v. 16 At the same time they were driven by the Nabatæans from their ancestral lands to the south and east. During the revolt of the Maccabees against the Seleucid kingdom, II Maccabees refers to a Seleucid general named Gorgias as "Governor of Idumaea"; whether he was a Greek or a Hellenized Edomite is unknown. Some scholars maintain that the reference to Idumaea in that passage is an error altogether. Judas Maccabeus conquered their territory for a time in around 163 BCE.Josephus, "Ant." xii. 8, §§ 1, 6 They were again subdued by John Hyrcanus (c. 125 BCE), who forced them to observe Jewish Rites And Laws .ib. xiii. 9, § 1; xiv. 4, § 4 They were then incorporated with the Jewish nation. The Hasmonean official Antipater The Idumaean was of Edomite origin. He was the progenitor of the Herodian Dynasty that ruled Judea after the Roman conquest. Under Herod The Great Idumaea was ruled for him by a series of governors, among whom were his brother Joseph Ben Antipater and his brother-in-law Costobarus . Immediately before the siege of Jerusalem by Titus , 20,000 Idumaeans, under the leadership of John, Simeon, Phinehas, and Jacob, appeared before Jerusalem to fight in behalf of the Zealots who were besieged in the Temple .Josephus, '' Jewish Wars '' iv. 4, § 5 After the Jewish Wars the Idumaeans ceased to be a separate people, though the geographical name "Idumea" still existed at the time of St. Jerome . Edomite religion The nature of Edomite religion is largely unknown. As close relatives of other Levantine Semites , they may have worshipped such gods as El , Baal , and Asherah . A national god named Kaus or Qos.Encyclopedia Britannica, "Edom," vol. III Identification with Rome Later in Jewish history, the Roman Empire came to be identified with Esau and "Edom". In mediaeval Rabbinic writing, "Edom" is used to refer to the Byzantine Empire and Christendom in general (cf. the use of " Ishmael " to refer to the Islamic world). See extended discussion of this subject under Esau . CONTROVERSY For over a century, archeologists specializing in the Middle East maintained that there was no evidence of an organized state society in Edom earlier than the 800s or 700s BCE. Biblical Minimalists touted this fact as one piece of evidence of the Bible's ultimate unreliability as a historical source.Redford 305. Graves and Patai (1964) propose that the Davidic dynasty might have been of Edomite origin by pointing to similarities in the Edomite names of the alufim and the leaders of the tribe of Judah (e.g., Qenaz). They suggest that a small Edomite tribe may have resided in the Hebron area even before the Israelite conquest, and during the period described in the Book of Joshua, joined the Israelites in reconquering the Judean hills. Graves and Patai suggest that the Book of Genesis (''Bereshit'') may contain Edomite creation myths (Adam = Edom). If so, this would explain certain puzzling issues in the biblical text (e.g., Esau, "admoni," being first born and then losing his birthright in a belated "correction"). Recently, however, excavations such as the 2004-2004 UCSD dig at Khirbat an-Nahas, part of the Jabal Hamrat Fidan (JHF) Archaeological Project, in Jordan have shed new light on the history of Edom, unearthing artifacts and evidence of settled state society as early as the tenth century BCE,Jagoda, Barry (2005). Controversial Dates Of Biblical Edom Reassessed In Results From New Archeological Research although whether and to what extent these sites reflect Edomite statehood is debated. Thomas E. Levy, among other scholars, concluded from a survey of the an-Nahas site that Edom was a sophisticated, urbanized society as early as the eleventh century BCE, (the date of the first Israelite monarchy, according to the Bible) which even had its own copper works.Levy, Thomas E. and Mohammed Najjar . "Edom and Copper." '' Biblical Archaeology Review ''. July/August, 2006. Radiocarbon tests from the site have confirmed that the industrial areas of the site date to the eleventh and tenth centuries BCE.Levy (2006), but see E. van der Steen/P. Bienkowski. (2006) 'How Old is the Kingdom of Edom? A Review of New Evidence and Recent Discussion'. ''Antiguo Oriente'' 4: 11-20 SEE ALSO NOTES REFERENCES
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