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Company Information

  Company Name eBay Inc
  Company Logo
  Company Type Public ()
  Company Slogan ''What ever it is, you can get it on eBay''
  Foundation San Jose, California , USA ( September 3 , 1995 )
  Location City San Jose, California
  Location Country USA
  Key People Meg Whitman , CEO & President <br /> Pierre Omidyar , Founder and Chairman <br /> John Donahoe , Chief of eBay Marketplace
  Num Employees 11,600 (Q1 2006)
  Industry Auction s
  Revenue $5969 billion USD (2006)
  Products Online Auction Hosting , Electronic Commerce , Shopping Mall <br /> PayPal , Skype , Gumtree
  Homepage wwwebaycom


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eBay Inc. () is an American Internet company that manages eBay.com, an Online Auction and shopping Website where people and businesses buy and sell goods and services worldwide. In addition to its original U.S. website, eBay has established localized websites in several other countries.
countries with localized eBay websites include Australia , Austria , Belgium , Canada , China , France , Germany , Hong Kong , India , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , Philippines , Singapore , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , and the United Kingdom
eBay Inc also owns PayPal , Skype , and other businesses.


ORIGINS AND EARLY HISTORY


The virus.1

The very first item sold on eBay was a broken . The frequently repeated story that eBay was founded to help Omidyar's fiancée trade PEZ Candy dispensers was fabricated by a public relations manager in 1997 to interest the media. This was revealed in Adam Cohen's 2002 book and confirmed by eBay.

Chris Agarpao was hired as eBay's first employee and , a gold mining company, so he shortened it to his second choice, ''eBay.com''. http://www.happynews.com/living/online/history-ebay.htm

eBay went public in 1998, and both Omidyar and Skoll became instant billionaires. The company purchased PayPal in October 2002.


ITEMS AND SERVICES

Millions of Collectible s, Appliances , Computers , Furniture , Equipment , Vehicles , and other miscellaneous items are listed, bought, and sold daily. In 2005, eBay launched its Business & Industrial category, breaking into the industrial surplus business. Some items are rare and valuable, while many others are dusty gizmos that would have been discarded if not for the thousands of eager bidders worldwide. Anything can be sold as long as it is not illegal or does not violate the eBay Prohibited and Restricted Items policy.2 Services and intangibles can be sold too. Large international companies, such as IBM , sell their newest products and offer services on eBay using competitive auctions and fixed-priced storefronts. Regional searches of the database make shipping slightly faster and cheaper. Separate eBay sites such as eBay US and eBay UK allow the users to trade using the local currency as an additional option to PayPal . Software developers can create applications that integrate with eBay through the eBay API by joining the eBay Developers Program.3 As of June 2005, there were over 15,000 members in the eBay Developers Program, comprising a broad range of companies creating software applications to support eBay buyers and sellers as well as eBay Affiliates.

Controversy has arisen over certain items put up for bid. For instance, in late 1999 a man offered one of his Kidney s for auction on eBay, attempting to profit from the potentially lucrative (and, in the United States, illegal) market for Transplantable Human Organs . On other occasions, people and even entire towns have been listed, often as a joke or to garner free publicity. In general, the company removes auctions that violate its Terms Of Service agreement within a short time after hearing of the auction from an outsider; the company's policy is to not pre-approve transactions. eBay is also an easy place for unscrupulous sellers to market Counterfeit merchandise, which can be difficult for novice buyers to distinguish without careful studying of the auction description.

eBay's Latin America n partner is MercadoLibre .

eBay's rivals include Amazon.com Marketplace and Overstock Auctions.


eBay Express

In April of 2006, eBay opened its new eBay Express site, which is designed to work like a standard Internet shopping site to consumers with United States addresses (eBay Express) . Selected eBay items are mirrored on eBay Express where buyers shop using a shopping cart to purchase from multiple sellers. The UK version was launched to eBay members in mid October 2006 (eBay Express UK) , and differs from the US version by only offering brand new items from pre-vetted business sellers. The German version was also opened in 2006 (eBay Express Germany) .


eBay Blogs and the eBay Community Wiki

In June of 2006, eBay added an eBay Community Wiki and eBay Blogs to its Community Content which also includes the Discussion Boards, Groups, Answer Center, Chat Rooms and Reviews & Guides.


eBay Mobile

Ebay has a robust mobile offering, including SMS alerts, a WAP site, and J2ME clients, available in certain markets.


AUCTION TYPES

eBay offers several types of auctions.

  • Auction-style listings allow the seller to offer one or more items for sale for a specified number of days. The seller can establish a reserve price.

  • Fixed Price format allows the seller to offer one or more items for sale at a ''Buy It Now'' price. Buyers who agree to pay that price win the auction immediately without submitting a bid.

  • Dutch Auctions allow the seller to offer two or more identical items in the same auction. Bidders can bid for any number from one item up to the total number offered.



BIDDING


For Auction-style listings, the first bid must be at least the amount of the minimum bid set by the seller. Regardless of the amount the first bidder actually bids, until a second bid is made, eBay will then display the auction's minimum bid as the current high bid. After the first bid is made, each subsequent bid must be equal to at least the current highest bid displayed plus one bidding increment. The bidding increment is established by eBay based on the size of the current highest displayed bid. For example, when the current highest bid is less than or equal to $0.99, the bidding increment is $0.05; when the current highest bid is at least $1.00 but less than or equal to $4.99, the bidding increment is $0.25. Regardless of the amount each subsequent bidder bids, eBay will display the lesser of the bidder's actual bid and the amount equal to the previous highest bidder's actual bid plus one bidding increment. For example, suppose the current second-highest bid is $2.05 and the highest bid is $2.40. eBay will display the highest bid as $2.30, which equals the second-highest bid ($2.05) plus the bidding increment ($0.25). In this case, eBay will require the next bid to be at least $2.55, which equals the highest displayed bid ($2.30) plus one bidding increment ($0.25). The next bid will display as the actual amount bid or $2.65, whichever is less. The figure of $2.65 in this case comes from the then-second-highest actual bid of $2.40 plus the bidding increment of $0.25. The winning bidder pays the bid that eBay displays, not the amount actually bid. Following this example, if the next bidder is the final bidder, and bids $2.55, the winner pays $2.55, even though it is less than the second-highest bid ($2.40) plus one bidding increment ($0.25). However, if the next bidder is the final bidder and bids an arbitrarily large amount, for example $10.00 or even more, the winner pays $2.65, which equals the second-highest bid plus one bidding increment.

For Dutch Auctions, which are auctions of two or more identical items sold in one auction, each bidder enters both a bid and the number of items desired. Until the total number of items desired by all bidders equals the total number of items offered, bidders can bid any amount greater than or equal to the minimum bid. Once the total numbers of items desired by all bidders is greater than or equal to the total number offered, each bidder is required to bid one full bidding increment above the currently-displayed winning bid. All winning bidders pay the same lowest winning bid.

eBay has established detailed rules about bidding, retraction of bids, shill bidding (collusion to drive up the price), and other aspects of bidding. These rules can be viewed on the help pages.


PROFIT AND TRANSACTIONS

eBay generates revenue from a number of fees. The eBay fee system is quite complex; there are fees to list a product and fees when the product sells, plus several optional fees, all based on various factors and scales. The U.S.-based ebay.com takes $0.20 to $80 per listing and 5.25% or less of the final price (as of 2007). The £0.15 to a maximum rate of GBP £3 per 100 for an ordinary listing and from 0.75% to 5.25% of the final price. In addition, eBay now owns the PayPal payment system which has fees of its own.

Under current U.S. law, a state cannot require sellers located outside the state to collect a Sales Tax , making deals more attractive to buyers. Although state laws require purchasers to pay sales tax to their own states on out-of-state purchases, most people ignore this requirement.

The company's current business strategy includes increasing revenue by increasing International trade within the eBay system. eBay has already expanded to almost two dozen countries including China and India. The only places where expansion failed were Taiwan and Japan, where Yahoo! had a head start.


ACQUISITIONS AND INVESTMENTS

  • In July 1998, eBay acquired Cincinnati, Ohio based online auction site Up4Sale.com .4

  • In May 1999, eBay acquired the online payment service Billpoint5, an unsuccessful competitor to PayPal , which they closed following the 2002 acquisition of the latter.6

  • In 1999 eBay acquired the auction house Butterfield & Butterfield 7, which it sold in 2002 to Bonhams .8

  • In 1999 eBay acquired the auction house Alando for $43 million, which changed then to eBay Germany.9

  • In June 2000 eBay acquired Half.com for $318 million, which was later integrated with the eBay Marketplace.10

  • In December 2000 eBay acquired the Precision Buying Service portion of Deja.com .11

  • In August, 2001, eBay acquired Mercado Libre 12 and Lokau , Latin America n auction sites. eBay also acquired iBazar,13 a French auction site.

  • In July, 2002 eBay acquired PayPal , for $1.5 billion in stock.14

  • On January 31 2003 , eBay acquired CARad.com, an auction management service for car dealers. 15

  • On July 11 2003 eBay Inc. acquired EachNet , a leading ecommerce company in China, paying approximately $150 million in cash.16

  • On June 22 2004 , eBay acquired all outstanding shares of Baazee.com , an India n auction site for approximately US $50 million in cash, plus acquisition costs. Baazee.com subsequently became eBay India. 17

  • On August 13 2004 , eBay took a 25% stake in Craigslist by buying out an existing shareholder who was once a Craigslist employee.

  • In September 2004, eBay moved forward on its acquisition of Korea n rival Internet Auction Co. (IAC), buying nearly 3 million shares of the Korean online trading company for 125,000 Korean won (about US$109) per share.

  • In November 2004, eBay acquired Marktplaats.nl for €225 million. This was a Dutch competitor which had an 80% market share in the Netherlands , by concentrating more on small ads than actual auctions. Marktplaats is the Dutch word for Marketplace .

  • On December 16 2004 , eBay acquired Rent.com for $415 million in cash (original deal was for $385 million of the amount in eBay stock plus $30 million in cash).

  • In May 2005, eBay acquired Gumtree , a network of UK local city classifieds sites.

  • On May 18 2005 , eBay acquired the Spanish classifieds site Loquo .

  • In June 2005, eBay acquired Shopping.com , an online comparison site for $635 million.

  • At the end of June 2005, eBay acquired the German language classifieds site Opus Forum.

  • In September 2005, eBay bought Skype , a VoIP company, for $2.6 billion in stock and cash.

  • In April 2006, eBay invested $2 million in the Meetup.com social networking site.18

  • In April 2006, eBay acquired Tradera.com , Sweden's leading online auction-style marketplace for $48 Million.

  • In August 2006, eBay announced international cooperation with Google . Financial details have not been disclosed by either party.19

  • In February 2007, eBay acquired online ticket marketplace Stubhub for $307 million.

  • In May 2007, eBay acquired a minority stake in GittiGidiyor .

  • In May 2007, eBay acquired the website StumbleUpon for approximately $75 million. eBay Investor Message



CONTROVERSY AND CRITICISMS

eBay has its share of controversy, ranging from its Privacy policy (eBay typically turns over user information to law enforcement without a Subpoena ) to well-publicized seller Fraud . eBay claims that their data shows that less than .01% of all transactions result in a confirmed case of fraud. However, eBay states that their stated fraud statistic both undercounts and overcounts fraud. Chat with Rob Chesnut, Vice President of eBay's Trust & Safety Department


Fraud


One mechanism eBay uses to combat Fraud is its feedback system. After every transaction both the buyer and seller have the option of rating each other. They can give a "positive", "negative", or "neutral" rating and leave a comment no longer than 80 characters. So if a buyer has problems, he or she can rate the seller "negative" and leave a comment such as "never received product".

Weaknesses of the feedback system include:2021
  • Small and large transactions carry the same weight in the feedback summary. It is therefore easy for a dishonest user to initially build up a deceptive positive rating by buying or selling a number of very low value items, such as E-book s, recipes, etc., then subsequently switching to fraud.

  • A user may be reluctant to leave honest feedback out of fear of negative retaliatory feedback (including "negative" in retaliation for "neutral").

  • Users and generators of feedback may have different ideas about what it means. eBay offers virtually no guidelines.

  • Feedback and responses to feedback are allotted only 80 characters each. This can prevent users from being able to fully list valid complaints.

  • Although eBay protects sellers from getting a negative feedback from a deadbeat buyer when the deadbeat buyer/bidder did not respond to Unpaid Item dispute, they do not offer the same protection for a buyer who gets a deadbeat seller.


eBay acknowledges weaknesses in its feedback system on its own policy pages, noting several of the above points.22

When a user feels that a seller or buyer has been dishonest, a dispute can be filed with eBay. An eBay account (whether seller, buyer or both) may be suspended if there are too many complaints against the account holder.

Many complaints have been made about eBay's system of dealing with fraud, leading to its being featured on the British consumer rights television program '' Watchdog ''. It is also regularly featured in '' The Daily Mirror '''s Consumer Awareness page. The complaints are generally that eBay sometimes fails to respond when a claim is made, and since eBay makes its money on commissions from listings and sales may not be in eBay's interest to take action against large sellers.

Frauds that can be committed by sellers include:
  • Receiving payment and not shipping merchandise

  • Shipping items other than those described

  • Giving a deliberately misleading description

  • Knowingly and deliberately shipping faulty merchandise

  • Counterfeit or Bootleg merchandise

  • Knowingly Selling stolen goods

  • Inflating total bid amounts by bidding on their own auction with " Shill " account(s), either the seller under an alternate account or another person in collusion with the seller. Shill bidding is prohibited by eBay and, in at least one high-profile case involving Kenneth Walton (and his accomplices Kenneth Fetterman and Scott Beach) has been prosecuted by the Federal Government as criminal fraud.


Frauds committed by buyers include:
  • PayPal fraud: Filing false shipping damage claim with the shipping company and with PayPal.

  • Credit Card fraud, in the form of both stolen credit cards and fraudulent chargebacks.

  • Receiving merchandise and claiming otherwise

  • Returning items other than received

  • The buyer sends a forged payment-service e-mail which states that the buyer has made a payment to the seller's account. An unsuspecting seller may ship the item before realizing the e-mail was forged.



Other controversial practices of users

  • Sellers of inexpensive items may benefit from inflating the shipping cost while lowering the starting price for their auctions,23 because some buyers overlook the shipping cost when calculating the amount they are willing to spend. Since eBay charges their fees based on final sales price without including shipping, this allows sellers to reduce the amount they pay eBay in fees (and also allows buyers to reduce or avoid import fees and sales taxes). This is called "fee avoidance", and is prohibited by eBay policy,24 as are excessive shipping and handling charges.25 A danger to the buyer in such cases is that in the event of defective merchandise, the seller may claim to have met his refund obligations by returning only the minimal purchase price and not the shipping costs.


  • Sellers sometimes charge fees for use of PayPal as well to cover the fees that PayPal charges them. Although this is officially banned by eBay and PayPal (except in the UK ) and is against some local laws as well as violating merchant agreements with Visa , Mastercard and Discover (again, except in the UK), eBay does sometimes police for this and will suspend auctions where the seller requests an additional fee for taking PayPal . Therefore inexperienced users often wind up paying these illegal and unenforceable fees.


  • Auction Sniping is the process of watching a timed online auction, and placing a winning bid at the last possible moment (often literally seconds before the end of the auction), giving the other bidders no time to outbid the sniper. Some bidders do this manually, and others use online services and software designed for the purpose. While disliked by many eBay users, sniping is not against eBay rules as users are expected to put in their maximum bid from the start and the system will automatically bid up on their behalf.


  • Burying shipping charges or undesirable terms in a large amount of text.



Intellectual property in auctions

Holders of Intellectual Property rights, have claimed that eBay profits from the infringement of intellectual property rights. eBay has responded by creating the Verified Rights Owner (VeRO) program, which provides to rightsholders expedited auction takedowns and private information on eBay users, but has likewise been criticized.

  • In June 2004 the jeweler Tiffany & Co. sued eBay claiming that eBay profits from the sale of counterfeit Tiffany products.26 As of July 2006, a trial date has not been set.27


  • In September 2005, eBay's privacy practices relating to its VeRO program came under scrutiny when WNDU-TV reported that the Embroidery Software Protection Coalition was accusing United States buyers, identified by eBay, of Copyright Infringement , and demanding monetary settlements. eBay's privacy policy warns that eBay may disclose personal information on the request of any VeRO rightsholder investigating illegal activity;28 in comparison, competing service Yahoo! Auctions may disclose personal information in response to a subpoena or court order.29 Although, according to a University Of Notre Dame law professor, there is no legal basis, in the United States, for copyright infringement claims against buyers,30 eBay's VeRO program may have allowed the ESPC to obtain private information without judicial oversight.


  • Some manufacturers have abused eBay's VeRo program, through which copyright and trademark owners can quickly protect their rights, by seeking to prevent all sales of their products on eBay.


  • In November 2006, a U.K. High Court ruled that a VeRO rightsholder's takedown request to eBay constituted a legal threat under Design Patent law. Since groundless legal threats under design patent law are unlawful, the ruling holds that groundless VeRO takedown requests based on design patents are also unlawful. Further, the text of the ruling appears critical of the VeRO program in general: "It is entirely wrong for owners of intellectual property rights to attempt to assert them without litigation, or without the threat of litigation, in reply."31



Customer support

A source of frustration for some eBay users is that owing to the company's size, it offers no Customer Support by phone, instead referring all ordinary members to its online help features. Apart from a library of self-help resources, these features consist mainly of e-mail contact forms and "Live Help," which lets users chat with customer service representatives via Instant Messaging , however this is not availiable to users from international sites such as eBay.co.uk. In fact, most visitors to the eBay site will not find any company phone number listed at all.

eBay does, in fact, have a phone support department, but that service is limited to members of the rank "Silver PowerSeller" and above, the company's term for members who sell at least $3,000 worth of goods per month on the site. The phone number for that service is not published, although there have been reports on eBay's own forums and weblogs that customers who manage to obtain the number through legal documents are rudely replied and told to use the online service instead.