| Drift Velocity |
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In a Semiconductor , the two main carrier scattering mechanisms are Ionized Impurity Scattering and Lattice Scattering . Because current is proportional to drift velocity, which is, in turn, proportional to the magnitude of an external electric field, Ohm's Law can be explained in terms of drift velocity. Drift velocity is expressed in the following equations: where ρ is charge density in units , and ʋavg is the average velocity of the carriers where μ is the mobility of the carriers (in ) and E is the electric field (in ). DERIVATION To find an equation for drift velocity, one can begin with the very definition of Current : :: :where ::''ΔQ'' is the small amount of charge that passes through an area in a small unit of time, ''Δt''. One can relate ''ΔQ'' to the motion of charged particles in a wire expecting a dependence on the Number Density of the charge carriers and using Dimensional Analysis : :where ::''n'' is the number of charge carriers per unit volume ::''A'' is the Cross Sectional area ::''Δx'' is a small length along the wire ::''q'' is the charge of the charge carriers Now, normally particles move randomly, but under the influence of an electric field in the wire, the charge carriers gain an average velocity in a specific direction. This is what's called drift velocity, vd. And since Δx = vd Δt, we can plug it into the above equation. :: Putting that back into the original equation and re-arranging to solve for the drift velocity: ;Alternative derivation Using the definition of current density: : where is the density of charge per volume and the fact that : We can simply express: : to get : and the same result as above: SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS Ohm's Law: Microscopic View at Hyperphysics |
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