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HISTORY Early in the 20th century, it was common to have shared glasses or dippers at water sources such as school faucets or water barrels in trains. This shared use caused public health concerns. One notable investigation into their use was Lafayette College biology professor Alvin Davison's study, published with the sensational title "Death in School Drinking Cups" in ''Technical World Magazine'' in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania 's public schools. The article was reprinted and distributed by the Massachusetts State Board of Health in November 1909.1 Based on these concerns, and as paper goods (especially after the 1908 invention of the Dixie Cup) became cheaply and cleanly available, local bans were passed on the shared-use cup. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna , which began using them in 1909. By 1917, the public glass had disappeared from railway carriages, replaced by paper cups even in jurisdictions where public glasses had yet to be banned.2 Paper cups are also employed in hospitals for health reasons. As reported by France3, in 1942 the Massachusetts State College found in one study that the cost of using washable glasses, re-used after being sanitized, was 1.6 times the cost of using single-service paper cups. These studies, as well as the reduction in the risk of cross-infection, encouraged the use of paper cups in hospitals. Dixie cups Dixie Cup is the Brand Name for a line of disposable paper cups that were first developed in the United States in the early 20th Century . While they were undoubtedly novel and profitable, they were also seen as a way to improve public hygiene. They were introduced in 1907 by Lawrence Luellen, a lawyer in Boston, Massachusetts , who was concerned about Germ s being spread by people sharing glasses or dippers at public supplies of Drinking Water . Luellen developed an ice-cooled Water - Vending Machine with disposable cups, and with another Bostonian, Hugh Moore , embarked on a Campaign to Educate the public and to market his machine, principally to railroad companies. Professor Davison's study was instrumental in abolishing the public glass and opening the door for the paper cup. Soon, the devices, which would dispense cool water for a cent, became standard equipment on Train s. The Dixie Cup was first called "Health Kup", but from 1919 it was named after a line of dolls made by Alfred Schindler's Dixie Doll Company in New York. Success led the company, which had existed under a variety of names, to call itself the Dixie Cup Corporation and move to Easton, Pennsylvania. Dixie merged with the American Can Company in 1957. It is now part of a subsidiary of Koch Industries , the largest privately owned company in the United States. The Dixie Cup logo was created by in 1969 by Saul Bass , a Graphic Designer known for his motion picture title sequences. IMPACT OF USE Paper cups have an environmental impact. Although the cups themselves are made from renewable resources (wood chips), paper cups actually consume more non-renewable resources in their manufacture than cups made of polystyrene foam, since converting the wood chips to paper pulp requires energy. During their life cycle, the only significant effluent of polystyrene cups is Pentane . In contrast, the manufacture of paper requires several inorganic chemicals and creates large amounts of water effluents. Similarly, recycling polystyrene cups has less impact than recycling paper cups. Paper cups are, however, more biodegradable than polystyrene cups, with the caveat that in an anaerobic landfill paper cups will generally remain undegraded for a long time.45 A number of cities, notably Portland, Oregon, have banned styrofoam cups and required the use of paper ones in take-out and fast food restaurants.6 LIDS Paper cups may have various types of to 1000ml, where not all of the yoghurt may be consumed at any one time and thus the ability to re-close the container is required) and heat-seal foil lids (used for small "single serving" containers, 150ml to 200ml).7 See Also: sippy cup IN POPULAR CULTURE
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