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Schleswig-Holstein
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Heide
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1405
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137,500
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2002
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98
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HEI
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http://wwwdithmarschende
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() is a district in
Schleswig-Holstein ,
Germany . It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of
Nordfriesland ,
Schleswig-Flensburg ,
Rendsburg-Eckernförde , and
Steinburg , by the state of
Lower Saxony (district of
Stade , from which it is separated by the
Elbe river), and by the
North Sea .
The district is located on the
North Sea . It is embraced by the
Elbe estuary to the south and the
Eider estuary to the north. Today it forms a kind of
Artificial Island , surrounded by the Eider river in the north and the
Kiel Canal in both the east and southeast. It is a rather flat countryside that was once full of fens and swamps.
To the north it borders on
Nordfriesland and
Schleswig-Flensburg , to the east on
Rendsburg-Eckernförde , and in the southeast on
Steinburg . Its landward boundaries have remained basically the same since the times of
Charlemagne .
Land Reclamation , however, has almost doubled the size of Dithmarschen as land has been wrested from the sea.
Important towns are
Hamburg and
Itzehoe to the south,
Husum to the north, and
Kiel and
Rendsburg to the east. The main roads and rail lines in Schleswig-Holstein follow a north-south direction, making Hamburg its most accessible city.
The district has a maximum north-south length of 54 kilometers and an east-west length of 41 kilometers. The highest point, near Schrum in the
Geestland , is 78 meters above sea level and the lowest point, near Burg, is 0.5 meters below sea level.
Dithmarschen's landscape owes its character to the North Sea. From west to east Dithmarschen consists of the
Wadden Sea ,
Marsh ,
Bog , and the
Geestland . The North Sea had a higher sea level 6,500 years ago than today and the coastline then ran along the Geestland. About 4,500 years ago, Geestland structures were connected by sand and gravel depositions that formed
Spits . Bogs, lakes, and swamps emerged as the area behind the spits no longer flooded. After the first plants (
Glasswort ) took root, the land transformed first to salt marshes and finally to marshes. These marshes rank among the most fertile of Germany's soils. Vegetable farming in Dithmarschen produces the highest yields in Schleswig-Holstein.
Since about the 8th century, the people of Dithmarschen have been living on
Terp s for protection from the sea. In the 12th century, they began building
Dikes to protect their pastures and fields. Since about the 15th century, they have been reclaiming land from the sea.
While the Geest has some woods, trees are found in marshlands only in form of wind protection around houses or villages. Traditional are the
Knick s, tree rows with strong underwood to protect agricultural land from the wind.
In Dithmarschen lay several bogs. A special position is taken with the "Weißes Moor" (White bog), the only bog still existing in quite natural shape in the Schleswig-Holstein marsh land.
on a sand bank]]
Part of the
Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park is in Dithmarschen. It is the most important habitat in the district. Here live many Hier leben sehr viele molluscs, including Bivalvia and Gastropeda, Worms and Crustacea, are welcome nourishment to bigger species. Especially fish use the Wadden Sea as a "Kindergarten" where they can raise their offspring in a protected environment. Although many species of birds settle permanently in the Wadden Sea, use it as a winter habitat or as a resting place. Typical birds in Dithmarschen are
Dunlin ,
Red Knot ,
Bar-tailed Godwit ,
Lapwings ,
Charadriidae ,
Eurasian Oystercatcher , many species of
Anatinae - and
Gull s,
Tern s,
Sandwich Tern ,
Pied Avocet ,
Brent Goose and
Barnacle Goose . Alone 200.000
Common Shelduck s come in August, The Shelducks lose their feathers in the Wadden Sea and therefore are for around three weeks unable to fly. It is almost the whole Common Shelduck colony in North Western Europe. Big
Salt Marsh are at the Friedrichskoog coast and in the Neufeld Bay.
Three sand banks,
Trischen , Tertius and
Blauort are in the sea. They are some of only a few still natural habitats at the German coast and of importance to sea birds and seals. After futile attempts in the 1930s to make them habitable to humans, now they are part of the national park, forbidden to humans. Many birds preferring wet grasslands live in the Eider-Treene-Valley.
In
Medieval Times the
Marsh land villages of Dithmarschen enjoyed remarkable autonomy. In the 15th century they confederated in a peasants' republic. Several times nobles and their mercenaries tried without success to subdue the independent ministate. In 1500 the greatest of these battles took place at
Hemmingstedt , where the outnumbered peasants defeated the army of
Holstein and the
Kalmar Union . It was not until 1559 and the "last feud" between the King of Denmark and the Dithmarschers that the peasants were forced to give up their autonomy by the successful invasion of Count Rantzau from Steinburg, one of the best strategists of the time. Since then the coat of arms of Dithmarschen has shown a warrior on horseback, representing a knight of Rantzau. This knight has been identified with St. Georg, the patron of Dithmarschen.
The conquerors—King Frederik II, Duke Adolf, and Duke Johann—divided Dithmarschen into two parts: the south became a part of Holstein in
Personal Union with Denmark while the north came into the possession of the other Duke of Holstein. From 1773 all of Holstein was united in personal union with Denmark and remained so until 1864, when
Schleswig-Holstein was annexed by
Prussia .
The Middle Ages in Dithmarschen are held to have continued into the 19th century, when the Kiel Canal was completed, fens began to be drained, and agricultural reforms took place. Within the
Bundesland Schleswig-Holstein, the area was divided into the districts of ''Norderdithmarschen'' (North Dithmarschen) and ''Süderdithmarschen'' (South Dithmarschen) before it was united in
1970 as the district of Dithmarschen.
The people of Dithmarschen have always displayed great pride in their history. In recent decades many traditions have been revitalized and new events in a traditional fashion have been created. (It may be hard to distinguish activities inspired by tradition and activities fostering tourism in the region.)
Traditional events in many smaller villages include
Rolandreiten ,
Ringreiten ,
Children's Vogelschießen , and
Klootschieten . In Heide the traditional festival is "Hohnbeer", in
Nordhastedt it is "Frunsbeer". In recent decades tourism promotion has focused on the
Dithmarschen Cabbage Days that begin with the cabbage harvest. The medieval festival in Heide tries to connect itself to the markets that were held in Heide in the middle ages but this festival is actually a latter-day recreation of the late 20th century. In Friedrichstadt and Büsum there are annual trawler regattas.
Traditional dishes include
Dithmarscher Mehlbeutel ,
Schwarzsauer , buttermilk soup with
Klüten ,
Kale soup, and bread pudding with
Common Shrimps . Since the late 19th century
Cabbage has become an important dish as well. In northern Germany Dithmarschen is well known for its ''
Dithmarscher '' beer from the brewery Karl Hintz in Marne.
High German is by now the dominant language but
Low German in its
Holsteinisch version still has a place in informal conversation. Until the 1960s Low German was the prevailing language of everyday communication. Most Dithmarschers born before 1960 still consider Low German their mother tongue. Low German is more common in rural regions than in urban regions and more likely to be spoken by older Dithmarschers.
The best known author of "high literature" in Low German was
Klaus Groth from Heide. The best known Low German speaker in Germany today is probably
Wilhelm Wieben , former anchorman of the popular German news
Tagesschau , who now produces Low German
Audio Book s. Only two episodes of the popular crime television show ''
Tatort '' carried subtitles for its German audience. One of these episodes centered its plot in Dithmarschen: the Low German in the dialogue was thought to be too difficult for a generic German audience to follow!
The Dithmarschen landscape was long dominated by churches. Palaces were never built in the farmers' republic. The few castles that were constructed played only minor roles and have long since been reduced to groundworks. In contrast, churches were symbols of not only spiritual but also worldly power. The medieval republic organised itself into
Parish es ("Kirchspiele") centered on churches. A Dithmarschen church was not just a sacral building; it was also the primary place for political meetings. Administration of spiritual and political matters was done by the same people in the same place, so little need for representative secular buildings arose. Political and religious life in Dithmarschen remained undivided until Schleswig-Holstein's integration into Prussia in 1867.
In the flat marshland of Dithmarschen, church towers can often be seen from more than 10 kilometers away. Churches are built on the highest point of the Terpen in the center of villages such as
Wesselburen ,
Marne , and
Wöhrden . Village streets run toward the central church, giving these villages a distinct medieval character. It is likely that older houses were removed to make room for these churches. In the Geest, the village church stands on the medieval rim of the village or with other houses within it; the settlements of the Geest existed before their churches were built and there was no special need to protect these churches from flooding.
]]
The most important church of Dithmarschen was the so-called
Meldorf Cathedral . Between the 9th and 11th century it was the only church in Dithmarschen and one of the few north of the
Elbe River. In the middle ages the place around this church was the most important meeting place in Dithmarschen and
Meldorf itself was the only settlement to develop a distinct urban structure. Even after the political center moved to Heide, the Meldorf cathedral remained the most important religious site in Dithmarschen. The
Reformation in Dithmarschen began there in 1524.
Today's church was built in the 14th century. While the outside was mainly rebuilt in the 19th century, inside one can still see Gothic architecture from the years 1250 to 1300. The paintings are among the most magnificent in Schleswig-Holstein, giving an impression of the former wealth of the farmers' republic.
St. Jürgen church in Heide began as a chapel built in the 15th century. Due to conflicts in Dithmarschen, Meldorf lost its role as central meeting point. The people of northern Dithmarschen began to meet in 1447 "auf der Heide" ("on the heath"); later, the Council of the 48—representatives of the most important families and the central decision body of Dithmarschen—met at St. Jürgen. The core of the long, single-nave church is still the 15th-century building. Its outer appearance is dominated by a late-renaissance three-story tower added by Johann Georg Schott in 1724.
St. Bartholomäus in Wesselburen was also built in 1737/1738 by Johann Georg Schott. He constructed the baroque building from the remains of older churches after Wesselburen burned down in 1736. Its onion dome is highly unusual for Northern Germany. Also notable are the 12th century church in
Tellingstedt and the churches in Hemme and
Büsum , which display the traditional coat of arms of the "Geschlechter" inside.
In 1993 Schleswig-Holstein's latest
Fachhochschule (comparable to a
Polytechnics ) was established in Heide. There are 800 students studying economics, electrical engineering, information technology, international tourism management, and law at the
Fachhochschule Westküste (Fachhochschule West Coast). The
Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel has an outpost in the Büsum-based Forschungs- und Technologiezentrum Westküste (Research and Technology Center West Coast), which researches coastal geology, coastal geography, and coastal protection.
In 2004, 17,900 students were studying in Dithmarschen schools. In the district there are six
Gymnasiums , three
Fachgymnasiusms , two vocational schools, and 44 schools for primary education.
The Dithmarschen economy consists mainly of tourism, agriculture, and energy. Tourism is concentrated in the north in
Büsum and in the south in
Friedrichskoog . Most tourists come as families to enjoy the North Sea beaches. A significant number of tourists also come for bicycle trekking. Almost all the approximately two million tourists each year come from Germany.
, the most important employer in the district.]]
The unemployment rate was 11.6% in September 2004. After the
Hartz Concept was implemented and new statistical methods were adopted, the unemployment rate rose to 17.4% in January 2005. The unemployment rate was far above the average for Schleswig-Holstein (12.7%) and the rest of Germany. The most important employers in the district are
Bayer in Brunsbüttel (1,000 employees), the
Sparkasse Westholstein (600), the
Royal Dutch Shell refinery in Hemmingstedt (570), the
Sasol chemistry works in Brunsbüttel (570), the printing company Evers in Meldorf (560), and the Beyschlag manufacturing plant in Heide. The
Bundeswehr has a school for non-commissioned officers in Heide.
In recent years the number of people who live in Dithmarschen but work in
Hamburg and its surroundings has steadily risen. In 2002 9,200 people drove to work outside the district, including 1,700 who commuted to Hamburg.
Wichtigstes Anbauprodukt der Landwirtschaft ist
Kohl . Europas größtes geschlossenes Anbaugebiet ist etwa 2.800 Hektar groß und produziert ungefähr 80 Millionen Kohlköpfe jährlich. Das ist etwa ein Drittel der gesamten deutschen Produktion. Vor allem pflanzen die Dithmarscher
Weißkohl , aber auch
Rotkohl oder
Wirsing an. Dem Anbau wird eine hohe kulturelle Bedeutung zugemessen. Die
Dithmarscher Kohltage gehören zu den überregional viel beachteten Veranstaltungen des Kreises. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Teilen Deutschlands, die eine Weinkönigin wählen, gibt es in Dithmarschen zwei ''Kohlregentinnen.'' Neben Kohl werden
Zuckerrübe n,
Getreide ,
Raps und Gemüse angebaut; ferner wird überwiegend extensive Viehwirtschaft betrieben.
Der Kohlanbau begann in Dithmarschen schlagartig. Der Wesselburener Gärtner Eduard Laß begann 1889 Experimente mit dem Anbau verschiedener Gemüsearten, wobei sich Kohl als am besten geeignet erwies. Andere Bauern entdeckten das Erfolgsrezept schnell. Innerhalb der zehn Jahre von 1893 bis 1902 wuchs die Anbaufläche für Kohl allein im Kirchspiel Wesselburen von drei auf 283 Hektar. Wurden 1894 noch 863 Tonnen Kohl an Dithmarscher Bahnhöfen verladen, waren es 1913 bereits 97.000 Tonnen.
Das Dithmarscher Marschland eignet sich besonders gut zum Kohlanbau. Die Böden sind fruchtbar, so dass selbst in schlechten Jahren noch ein guter Ertrag erbracht werden kann. Durch den beständigen Seewind halten sich in der Gegend weit weniger Schädlinge wie der
Kohlweißling .
Zu den Vorteilen des Marschlandes kamen günstige Bedingungen in der Infrastruktur. Die wachsenden Städte machten es für immer mehr Menschen unmöglich, ihr eigenes Gemüse anzubauen. Mit dem Bau der Eisenbahn nach Heide (1878) und von Zweigbahnen in die Marschen hinein (in den 1880ern) wurde es ebenso möglich große Mengen an Dünger billig ein- beziehungsweise von Kohl auszuführen. In der großen Zeit des Kohlanbaus etablierten sich mehrere
Sauerkraut fabriken, die vor allem für den auswärtigen Markt arbeiteten, da Sauerkraut nicht zur traditionellen Dithmarscher Küche gehört.
In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde das Geschäft jedoch zunehmend schwieriger. Die Ernährungsgewohnheiten der Deutschen stellten sich um, so dass weit weniger Kohl gegessen wird. Zudem fallen die Preise seit dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs, was wirtschaftliches Arbeiten erschwert. Die Dithmarscher Bauern versuchen sich darauf einzustellen, indem sie spezialisiertere und aufwändigere Züchtungen, wie beispielsweise ''tafelfertigen Rotkohl'' pflanzen. Der direkte Hofverkauf vor allem an Touristen nimmt auch zu. -->
Commercial wind farming in Germany began in Dithmarschen. Germany's first
Wind Park was opened 1987 in
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog , the experimental
GROWIAN ("Große Windkraftanlage" - big wind turbine) stood there from 1983 to 1987. As of 2007 the tallest wind turbine in the world is the experimental
REpower 5M in
Brunsbüttel .
In Dithmarschen stand around 800
Wind Turbine s, almost all of them in marshland. That means that 5% of all German wind turbines stand on 0.15% of its area. Except for Büsum, where a small airport prevents their erection, and the nature reserve at Speicherkoog, the whole coastline is lined by wind turbines. In 2003 they produced around
KWH of energy, which is about half the energy demand of Dithmarschen. According to
E.on -Hanse, the local energy company, in the same time it paid 59 million Euro for the energy, 3 to 5 million Euro were paid to farmers on whose land the turbines stand. The income through taxes for the district is around 4 million Euro each year. Because commercial wind farming in Germany began in Dithmarschen, many wind turbines are relative old and produce only a small amount of electricity. For people interested in wind turbines this makes an interesting contrast, though, since it is possible to see many working varieties of wind turbines standing close to each other.
The offshore oil field
Mittelplate close to the coast produces 2 million tons of petroleum, around 54% of German production. The refinery in Hemmingstedt processes around 4 million tons of oil each year, partly from Mittelplate and partly from oil delivered through the Brunsbüttel port. Another oil field between Heide and Hemmingstedt was active until 1991. The nuclear power plant in Brunsbuttel is one of the oldest in Germany. It also has the most reported accidents and the longest periods of nonproductive downtime. It is supposed to close down in 2008.
Die Industrie konzentriert sich in Brunsbüttel. Bereits seit dem Bau des Nord-Ostsee-Kanals gab es dort mehrere industrielle Kleinbetriebe, die die gute Verkehrslage nutzten. In den 1960ern/1970ern fand dort von Land und Kreis initiiert, ein ehrgeiziges Infrastrukturprogramm statt. Der Elbhafen wurde seit den 1960ern analog zu anderen Gebieten der Nordseeküste (
Emden /Dollarthafen;
Wilhelmshaven ) verstärkt industrialisiert. Ein ehrgeiziges Infrastrukturprogramm führte zum Bau des Ölhafens (1960), des Elbehafens (1967), des Kernkraftwerks (1976) und eines weiteren Elbehafens (1979) sowie zu Industrieansiedlungen besonders der rohstoffverarbeitenden Industrie. Der erste mineralölverarbeitende Betrieb ''CONDEA'' (heute zu
Sasol gehörend) siedelte sich 1963 an, dazu kamen 1977 ein
Bayer -Werk, Schelde-Chemie (1980),
VEBA -Chemie (1981), eine Düngemittelfabrik des norwegischen Konzerns
Norsk Hygro (heute YARA), ein Bitumenwerk von
Elf Aquitaine (heute zu
TOTAL SA gehörend) und seit 1994 eine Sondermüllverbrennungsanlage. Zudem hält
DEA bzw. jetzt
Shell Bunker- und Speicherkapazitäten vor, die über eine Pipeline mit der Erdölraffinerie in Hemmingstedt verbunden sind. In den letzten Jahren verlor das ehemalige Vision der „nachhaltigen Industrialisierung“ an Glanz. Werke wurden geschlossen, beziehungsweise verkauft und/oder verkleinert.
Neben dem Kernkraftwerk in Brunsbüttel liefert vor allem das 1987 gebaute
Kernkraftwerk Brokdorf den Strom für die Anlagen. -->
The main tourist attractions in Dithmarschen are the North Sea and the
Wadden Sea National Park . The district owns about 10 kilometers of green beaches;
Büsum also provides an artificial sandy beach. In 2003, 205,382 tourists spent 1,173,205 nights in Dithmarschen, most of them in Büsum (756,630 nights), which is ranked before
Friedrichskoog (75,654) and
Büsumer Deichhausen (33,811). Tourism has declined slightly over the last few years but not as much as tourism on the Schleswig-Holstein Baltic coast. Recent competition with the former Warsaw Pact states and their Baltic coasts has had less impact on Dithmarschen because their coastal formations are quite different.
Entrance fees for beaches raise heated controversy in the district. Büsum (around 1,000,000 beach visits each year) and Friedrichskoog (300,000) impose a fee. However, most smaller villages nearby do not.
The tourism industry in Dithmarschen is trying to diversify tourist attractions. Fitness and health play an increasing role in German life, so tracks and roads for bicycles and inline skates are being built. Part of the
North Sea Cycle Route crosses through Dithmarschen. In the east of Dithmarschen, ecological travel by canoe or kayak along the Eider is promoted. Policy makers and tourism agencies also emphasize the cultural and historical roots of the district.
Towns and municipalities in Dithmarschen developed from the old
Parishwa es that were independent political divisions in the medieval farmers' republic. These parishes existed as primary political divisions until the 19th century. Only Meldorf was able to develop an urban structure during the Middle Ages. In more recent times Heide became a rival to Meldorf. Wesselburen and Wöhrden had some importance as central villages of the rich northern marshland. After Schleswig-Holstein was annexed by Prussia in 1867, some villages became towns and therefore administratively left their old parishes: Meldorf in 1869, Heide in 1878, Marne in 1891, and Wesselburen in 1899. The old village of Brunsbüttel and the newly-founded Brunsbüttelkoog united in 1970 to become the town of Brunsbüttel.
Parishes were finally dissolved and single villages became independent during the Nazi period. For efficient administration, municipalities are united in
Ämtern , which for historical reasons are named Amt Kirchspielslandgemeinden (Amt Parish's Country Municipalities).
The largest town by population is Heide. Büsum has a special role as tourist resort. Although a member of an Amt, its summertime population swells to become the largest in the district.
In socio-geographics the difference between marshland and the higher, dryer uplands has played an important role. The fertile marshland was historically rich while the uplands were poor but less prone to flooding. The two most important towns, Heide and Meldorf, were built on the safe geest but directly adjacent to marshland where people could have their fields.
(Population on September, 30 2005)
mit amtsangehörigen Gemeinden/Städten
Dithmarschen is currently twinned with
Restormel , a borough in the British county of Cornwall. The main link is between St Austell and Newquay and Heide. However there are a lot more people who also make use of the twinning!
