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The 1930s led to a rise of labor unions in the motion picture as in other industries. The Screen Actors Guild was formed in 1933 . Animators struck Max Fleischer 's New York studios in 1937 . The Screen Cartoonists' Guild was formed in 1938 . In 1941 , they began a push and obtained contracts with Walter Lantz , Screen Gems , George Pal and MGM . Leon Schlesinger of the Warner Brothers cartoon studio attempted a Lockout , but soon gave in to the union. Although Disney artists were the best paid and worked under the best conditions in the industry, there was discontent. In '', they ceased being entitled to Time-and-a-half for Overtime ." Schickel says that Disney "responded gracelessly to the pressures of his increasingly difficult economic situation". Story conferences became brutal. "An animator working on ''). As the biggest and most successful animation studio, Disney was an obvious target for the Screen Cartoonists' Guild. There was a layoff which seemed to target members of the Guild selectively, and things reached a boiling point when Disney fired animator Art Babbitt , whom Disney regarded as a "troublemaker". Three days later, on May 29 , 1941 , the strike began, instigated by Herb Sorrell , described as a "tough left-winger" (and, by conservative writer Peter Schweizer , as a Soviet spy). Thomas relates that Disney had insisted on a vote among his employees, but Sorrel feared he would lose the vote, and decided to strike without a vote. Sorrel also used outside people, "sluggers", in the picket lines. The strike occurred during the making of the animated feature '' Dumbo '', and a number of strikers are caricatured in the feature as clowns who go to "hit the big boss for a raise". The strike lasted five weeks. Toward the end, Disney accepted a suggestion by Nelson Rockefeller , then head of the Latin American Affairs office in the State Department , that he make a tour of Latin America as a goodwill ambassador. His removal from the scene enabled passions to cool, and in his absence the strike was settled with the help of a Federal Mediator , who found in the Guild's favor on every issue. The Disney studio signed a contract and has been a union shop ever since. Irreparable damage to the psychology and mood of the studio had, nevertheless, been done. Schickel quotes a letter in which Disney said that "it cleaned house at our studio" and got rid of "the chip-on-the-shoulder boys and the world-owes-me-a-living lads". Those that left, however, included such notables as Walt Kelly and Virgil Partch . The departures also included a group that formed the new animation studio, the United Productions Of America or UPA. The UPA's innovative work took artistic leadership of the animated cartoon field away from Disney. Afterwards Disney was no longer seen as a practitioner of an American art form, but merely as a motion-picture manufacturer who stamped out high-quality product in a glossy but formulaic house style. Ironically, an unfair labor practices suit brought by Art Babbitt worked its way through the courts while Babbitt was serving in the Armed Forces, and Disney was forced to rehire him when he returned at the end of the war. REFERENCES
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