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BACKGROUND Canada declared war against Germany on September 10 , 1939 and sent one division to Europe, which had no chance for combat before France was completely overrun by Germany. In 1940, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King pledged to limit Canada's direct military involvement in the war. Many Canadians supported Mackenzie King's pledge, even as it became obvious the war would not be quickly resolved. As in the First World War, young French-Canadians joined the few traditional French-speaking regiments of the Canadian army, such as the Regular-Army Royal 22e Régiment , and several reserve regiments that were mobilized. In the Infantry, barracks life and most training was in French and only the command and radio language was in English. In the rest of the military, however, units were anglicized, because of the predominance of the radio, and the heavy technical instruction was only available in English-only training centres. The Régiment De Trois-Rivières , a tank unit, was reorganized and fought as an English-speaking unit (the Three Rivers Regiment). The waste of French-speaking soldiers, sailors and airmen is demonstrated by the career of Jean Victor Allard , one of the officers of the Régiment de Trois-Rivières. In frustration with the anglicisation of his unit and the sidelining of French-Canadians (including himself), he transferred to the Infantry where he quickly rose to command a battalion and a brigade in World War II, a brigade in Korea, a British Division in post-war NATO and then became Canada's first French-Canadian Chief of Defence Staff. While units such as the Royal 22e Régiment , Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal , the Régiment de la Chaudière and the Régiment de Maisonneuve all had outstanding records during World War II, some feel that if they had been concentrated into the same brigade (as French-Canadians requested and as now currently exists in the Canadian Armed Forces), it could have become a focus of pride for French-Canada, encouraging the war effort and political support in Quebec. These units were, however, distributed among the various English-speaking divisions of the Canadian Army overseas. Jack Granatstein in his book ''The Generals'' (1995 - ISBN 0-7737-2730-2), points out that a shortage of French-speaking staff trained officers meant that any attempt to create an entire Francophone brigade would have likely ended in failure. Acceptance of French-speaking units was greater in Canada from the start of the Second World War in comparison to the first. While the creation of the 22nd Infantry Battalion (French-Canadian) required large rallies of French-Canadians in 1914, accompanied by political pressure, to overcome Minister Sam Hughes ' abhorrence of the idea, this greater acceptance of French-Canadian units, as well as informal use of their language, diminished the ferocity of Quebec's resistance to the war effort. In June of 1940 the government adopted conscription for home service in the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA), which allowed the government to register men and women and move them into jobs considered necessary for wartime production, but did not allow them to be conscripted for overseas service. By the late summer of 1944, the numbers of new recruits were insufficient to replace war casualties in Europe, particularly among the Infantry . Conversely, the United States , which did not enter the war until Dec. 7, 1941, following Attack On Pearl Harbor , instituted the Selective Service Act on on Sept. 14, 1940 and extended it by a single vote the following year. The law was not controversial during the war, however, and draftees served under the same conditions as enlistees. THE PLEBISCITE OF 1942 By 1941 there were enough volunteers for five overseas divisions. Meanwhile the , although these were not on the same scale as the 1917 and 1918 riots. Even in Toronto , a strongly pro-conscription region, Conservative Arthur Meighen was defeated in a By-election after promising to help introduce conscription.
INTRODUCTION OF CONSCRIPTION After campaigns in Italy in 1943 and the Normandy Invasion in 1944, combined with a lack of volunteers, Canada faced a shortage of troops. When a brigade of soldiers was sent to the Aleutians in 1943, there were hundreds of conscripts in the ranks (the islands were technically North American soil and thus deployment there was not considered "overseas"), and desertions before embarkation were noted. However, no further combat employment was made until early 1945, when 13,000 men were sent overseas, most of whom were from the home service conscripts drafted under the NRMA, rather than from the general population. King's French-Canadian ministers, and Quebec in general, did not trust Defence Minister Ralston, and King felt it was politically sensible to replace him as Minister of National Defence with the anti-conscription General Andrew McNaughton in November 1944. MacNaughton was unable to produce large numbers of volunteers for the army, although there were numerous volunteers for the navy and air force. Some members of King's cabinet threatened to resign and bring down the government. King finally agreed to a one-time levy of 17,000 NRMA conscripts for overseas service in November 1944. When word of the decision reached soldiers stationed in Terrace, British Columbia , it resulted in the short-lived Terrace Mutiny . Few conscripts saw combat in Europe: only 2463 men reached units on the front lines. Out of these, 79 lost their lives. Politically, this was a successful gamble for King, as he avoided a drawn-out political crisis and remained in power until his retirement in 1948. The NRMA men who refused to "go Active" were derisively called " Zombie s" both in Canada and overseas; Farley Mowat recalls in his volumes of war memoirs savagely disliking those who wore the uniform but refused to make the same sacrifices he and his comrades were called on to make in Italy and North-West Europe. SOURCES
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