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Civilian casualties therefore include victims of soldiers during the Vietnam War on hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians. Such military action, which has the sole purpose of inflicting civilian casualties is illegal under modern Rules Of War , and may be considered a War Crime or Crime Against Humanity . Other kinds of civilian casualties may involve the targeting of civilian populations for military purposes, such as the defines "intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population" to be illegal, but only came into effect on July 1 , 2002 and has not been Ratified by every country. Rome Statute THE ETHICS OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES Many modern nations' views on the , the moral system which advocates that the morally correct action is the one that does the most good. However, Moral Philosophers often contest this approach to war. Such theorists advocate Absolutism , which holds there are various ethical rules that are, as the name implies, absolute. One such rule is that non-combatants cannot be killed because they are, by definition, not partaking in combat; to attack non-combatants anyway, regardless of the expected outcome, is to deny them Agency . Thus, by the absolutist view, only combatants can be attacked. The philosopher Thomas Nagel advocates this abolutist rule in his essay Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1972), 123-144. ''War and Massacre''. Finally, the approach of Pacifism is the belief that war of any kind is morally unjust. Pacifists sometimes extend Humanitarian concern not just to enemy civilians but also to combatants, especially Conscripts . Manifesto against conscription and the military system SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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