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A cigarette is a product consumed via Smoking and manufactured out of Cured and finely cut Tobacco leaves, which are combined with other Additives , then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter). The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder for the purpose of inhalation of its smoke from the other (usually Filtered ) end, which is usually inserted in the mouth. They are sometimes smoked with a Cigarette Holder . The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply to similar devices containing other Herb s, such as Cannabis . They are colloquially known as 'cigs', 'smokes', 'ciggies', 'cancer sticks', 'death sticks', 'coffin nails' and 'fags'. Cigarettes are proven to be highly Addictive , as well as a cause of multiple types of Cancer , Heart Disease , Respiratory Disease , Circulatory disease and Birth Defects . 1 List of health effects by CDC A cigarette is distinguished from a Cigar by its smaller size, use of processed leaf, and white paper wrapping. Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole leaf tobacco. HISTORY , Mexico , depicting a Mayan priest toking on a smoking tube.]] The earliest forms of cigarettes that have been attested in Central America around the 9th century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The Maya , and later the Aztec s, smoked tobacco and various psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette, and the cigar, were the most common method of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central and South America until recent times.Robicsek, Francis ''Smoke''; ''Ritual Smoking in Central America'' pp. 30-37 Cigarettes were largely unknown in the English-speaking World before the Crimean War , when British soldiers began emulating their Ottoman Turkish comrades, who resorted to rolling their tobacco with Newsprint .http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/other/crimea.htm The cigarette was named some time in the 18th century: beggars in Seville began to pick from the ground the cigar ends left by the ''señoritos'' (rich young men), wrapped the tobacco remains with paper and smoked them. The first attested use in this habit can be seen in three 18th century paintings by Francisco De Goya : ''La cometa'' (The kite), ''La merienda en el Manzanares'' (Picnic by the river Manzanares) and ''El juego de la pelota a pala'' (The ball and paddle game). In the George Bizet opera '' Carmen '', which was set in Spain in the 1830s, the title character Carmen was at first a worker in a cigarette factory. The use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly popular during and after the Crimean War . This was helped by the development of tobaccos that are suitable for cigarette use. During World War I and World War II , cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. During the second half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects of cigarettes started to become widely known and text-only health warnings became commonplace on cigarette packets. The United States has not yet implemented graphical cigarette warning labels, which is a more effective method to communicate to the public the dangers of cigarette smoking.http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/15/suppl_3/iii19 Canada and Australia, however, have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body. The cigarette has evolved much since its conception; for example, the thin bands that travel transverse to the "axis of smoking" (thus forming circles along the length of the cigarette) are alternate sections of thin and thick paper to facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and retard burning when at rest. Synthetic particulate filters remove some of the tar before it reaches the smoker. MANUFACTURING Commercially manufactured cigarettes are relatively simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, 2007 Paper See Also: Cigarette paper The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter stabilise the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two rows of small laser-drilled air holes.JTI, 2 www.jti.com, Retrieved November 2 2006 Tobacco blend The process of blending, like the blending of , Richmond offices. Retrieved October 31 2006 Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing by-products in the blend. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of ''flue-cured brightleaf'', ''burley tobacco'', and ''oriental tobacco''. These leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several by-products such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate"). To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these by-products are processed separately into forms where they can then be possibly added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco by-products include:
Whole tobacco can also be processed into a product called ''Expanded tobacco''. The tobacco is "puffed", or expanded, by saturating it with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and heating the CO2 saturated tobacco to quickly evaporate the CO2. This quick change of Physical State by the CO2 causes the tobacco to expand in a similar fashion as Polystyrene Foam . This is used to produce light cigarettes by reducing the density of the tobacco and thus maintain the size of a cigarette while reducing the amount of tobacco used in each cigarette. A recipe specified combination of bright-leaf, burley and oriental leaf tobacco with be mixed with , will then be blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavour and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain Brand Name . As well, they replace lost flavours due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally the tobacco mixture will be filled into cigarettes tubes and packaged. In recent years, the manufacturers' pursuit of maximum profits has led to the practice of using not just the leaves, but the plant stem also.http://uk.geocities.com/synergy.editorial@btinternet.com/polonium210radiationpoisoning.htm The stem is first crushed and cut to resemble the leaf before being merged or blended into the cut leaf.http://www.dickinsonlegg.com/STS/STSframeset.htm SALE supermarket cigarette counter in NSW , Australia . Other Australian states currently prohibit such large displays.]] Before the Second World War many manufacturers gave away Collectible Cards , one in each packet of cigarettes. This practice was discontinued to save paper during the war and was never generally reintroduced, though for a number of years Natural American Spirit cigarettes included "vignette" cards depicting endangered animals and American historical events; this series was discontinued in 2003. On April 1 , 1970 President Richard Nixon signed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, banning Cigarette Advertisements on television in the United States starting on January 2 , 1971 . However some tobacco companies attempted to circumvent the ban by marketing new brands of cigarettes as "little cigars"; examples included Tijuana Smalls , which came out almost immediately after the ban took effect, and Backwoods Smokes , which reached the market in the winter of 1973–1974 and whose ads used the slogan, "How can anything that looks so wild taste so mild." Beginning on 2006 Legislation was pending As Of 2004 in some other states. In Massachusetts and Virginia , parents and guardians are allowed to give cigarettes to minors, but sales to minors are prohibited. Similar laws exist in many other countries. In Canada , most of the provinces require smokers to be 19 years of age to purchase cigarettes (except for Quebec , Saskatchewan , Manitoba and Alberta , where the age is 18). However, the minimum age only concerns the purchase of tobacco, not use. Alberta , however, does have a law which prohibits the possession or use of tobacco products by all persons under 18, punishable by a $100 fine. Australia , and Pakistan have a nationwide ban on the selling of all tobacco products to people under the age of 18. In the 2007 Scotland also announced in early June that the buying age would rise to 18, at the same time as England and Wales. In the Republic Of Ireland bans on the sale of the smaller ten-packs and Confectionery that resembles tobacco products came into force on May 31 , 2007 in a bid to cut under-aged smoking. The UK Department Of Health plans to follow suit with the ten-pack ban. Most countries in the world have a legal smoking age of 18. Seven exceptions are s in the most public of places the effectiveness of an underage ban is in doubt. In other countries, such as Egypt or India (especially Kerala ) it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. Some Officers in the UK. BBC News , ''"Retailers sell tobacco to youths"'' , September 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2006. CONSUMPTION s in Australia with graphic Health Warnings ]] Approximately 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced globally each year by the Tobacco Industry , smoked by over 1.1 billion people, which is more than 1/6 of the world's total population.
SMOKING BANS Many governments impose and locality. See: CIGARETTE LITTER Cigarette butts are the most Litter ed item in the world. Discarded butts can be found almost any place accessible to people, including Street s, Sidewalk s, Park s and Beach es. The butts of filtered cigarettes are not Biodegradable . The filters, made of Cellulose Acetate , take many years to Decompose . Many of the filters end up in waterways, where the toxic chemicals that they are designed to filter out are leached into the Water Supply .5 CIGARETTE ADVERTISING In many parts of the world tobacco advertising and even sponsorship of sporting events has been outlawed. The ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship in the EU in 2005 has prompted Formula One Management to look for races in areas that allow the tobacco sponsored teams to display their Livery . As of 2007, only Ferrari retains tobacco sponsorship, continuing their relationship with Marlboro until 2011. CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Some people in the United States are often surprised when they come across a reference to a cigarette as a fag in British and Australian culture. This is due to the fact that in North America the word fag exclusively (and derogatorily) refers to people who are homosexual. In Canada the term is widely known, though not used by the general public. In Britain, the word may refer to either, depending on the context in which it is used. FOOTNOTES REFERENCES
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