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Chain Letter




A typical chain letter consists of a s, and the exploitation of Superstition to threaten the recipient with bad luck or even physical violence or death if he or she "breaks the chain" and refuses to adhere to the conditions set out in the letter.

Chain letters are capable of Evolution , generally improving their ability to convince their hosts to replicate them over time.1 This sometimes occurs through deliberate modification of the chain letter by a recipient, or sometimes through purely accidental imperfect copying.


HISTORY

There have been '' Himmelsbrief e'' ("Heaven letters") since at least the Middle Ages. And one could look to the Egyptian Book Of The Dead as a Meme that promised Resurrection to those entombed with a copy.

With the development of E-mail and the Internet , chain letters have become much, much more common and quick to spread than when they were transmitted purely by physical mail, although RFC 1855 explicitly discouraged them as a breach of Netiquette . Some e-mail providers prohibit users from sending chain e-mails in their Terms Of Service .


VARIATIONS


Phones

Versions being sent to Mobile Phones via SMS have also become common recently.


Web based

Chain letters have become popular on MySpace (in the form of myspace bulletins) and Youtube (in the form of video comments). MySpace chain letters are often coupled with intimidating Hoax es.

The Katu Lata Kulu chain message on YouTube has been a popular chain message in many videos. The original message states that the spirit of a girl from Africa that was killed would take the spirit of anyone who hadn't forwarded the message. Since the Katu Lata Kulu chain message started, many YouTube video comments had the chain message retold on their video comment page, angering many users to retaliate by creating parody videos as well as messages about the Katu Lata Kulu chain message curse.


E-mail

Some may seem fairly harmless, for example, a grammar school student wishing to see how many people can receive his e-mail for a science project, but can grow exponentially and be hard to stop. They may contain false information, such as the famous "Forward this to everyone you know and if it reaches 1000 people everyone on the list will receive $1000" type e-mails. They may also be politically motivated, such as "save the scouts, forward this to as many friends as possible". Some recent chain e-mails say that a company "will stop its free email service if you don't send this message to X people". Some threaten users with Bad Luck if not forwarded. There are many forms of chain e-mail that threaten death or the taken of one's soul by telling tales of other's deaths, such as the Katu Lata Kulu chain e-mail, stating that if it is not forwarded, the receivers of the message will be killed by the spirit. YouTube and Myspace are sites which frequently gets threatening messages to users, stating that if the chain is broken and the message is not forwarded, the receivers of the messages will face death by the spirit of someone who has died.


LEGALITY

Chain letters may also qualify under other types of illegal activities, as in the case of a Ponzi Scheme asking recipients to send money and forward the e-mail. They may be harmful, and contain Trojans .

In the United States it is illegal to mail chain letters that involve pyramid schemes or other such financial inducements under Title 18, United States Code, Section 1302, the Postal Lottery Statute , though chain letters that ask for items of minor value such as business cards or recipes are not covered by this law.


POPULAR CULTURE

  • The comic strip '' Calvin And Hobbes '' had Calvin receiving a chain letter stating that "a man in Denver made 20 copies and was awarded a raise" and that "a man in Seattle broke the chain and he went bald." When Hobbes says that the chain letter is "nonsense for superstitious nincompoops" and advises Calvin to throw it away, the letter continues "and a dumb kid like you listened to his friend and got run over by a cement mixer."

  • An episode of '' Wings '' had Fay, Antonio and Roy receiving chain letters instructing them to make more copies to send to friends and praise the sun god Ra. Fay and Roy eagerly make letters but Antonio throws his in the garbage, refusing to believe in nonsense. Fay and Roy have amazing luck and say "Praise the sun god Ra!". Antonio suffers multiple mishaps but refuses to reverse his actions, arguing that as a Catholic praising another god is Blasphemy and Idolatry .



SEE ALSO



REFERENCES



BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • Dan Squier. ''The Truth About Chain Letters'', 1990, Premier Publishers, ISBN 0915665212

  • Athena Dean. ''All That Glitters is Not Gold: Breaking Free From the Sweet Deceit of MLM'', 1998, Winepress Publishing, ISBN 1579211348

  • RL Fitzpatrick. ''False Profits: Seeking Financial & Spiritual Deliverance in MLM & Pyramid Schemes'', 1997, Herald Press, ISBN 0964879514

  • James Walsh. ''You Can't Cheat An Honest Man: How Ponzi Schemes & Pyramid Frauds Work'', Merritt Publishing, ISBN 1563431696

  • Gary Tartaglia. ''Shattered Dreams: How To Avoid Costly Mistakes In Multi-level Marketing'', 1985, Targeted Communications, ISBN 0961440406

  • Stephen Butterfield. ''Amway: The Cult of Free Enterprise'', 1985, South End Press, ISBN 0896082539

  • John Scarne. ''Complete Guide to Gambling, Fully Revised, Expanded, Updated edition''. Fireside, 1986, ISBN 0671630636



EXTERNAL LINKS



Scam chain e-mail

  Link http://wwwsnopescom/inboxer/scams/chainhtm
  Title Ponzi scheme chain e-mail




Examples of urban-legend type chain e-mails

  Link http://wwwsnopescom/inboxer/nothing/billgatehtm
  Title Bill Gates offering $1,000 for forwarding e-mail


  Link http://wwwsnopescom/inboxer/nothing/iwonhtm
  Title IWoncom offering cash prizes for forwarding e-mail


  Link http://wwwsnopescom/inboxer/children/mydekhtm
  Title Charity getting money via forwarding e-mail


  Link http://wwwsnopescom/inboxer/children/shergoldhtm
  Title Help a dying child get into the Guinness Book of World Records by sending him business cards