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Chinese Buddhism (汉传佛教) refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China since ancient times. These schools integrated the ideas of Confucianism , Taoism and other indigenous philosophical systems so that what was initially a foreign religion (the Buddhadharma ) came to be a natural part of Chinese civilisation albeit with its own unique character. Buddhism has played an enormous role in shaping the mindset of the Chinese people affecting as it has Aesthetics , Politics , Literature , Philosophy and Medicine . During the Tang Dynasty while at its peak of vitality, Chinese Buddhism produced numerous spiritual masters of outstanding brilliance. Their legacy is among China's greatest treasures. For a more generalized discussion of Chinese religion, see Religion In China . HISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN CHINA Arrival along the Silk Road See Also: Silk Road transmission of Buddhism (156-87 BC) worshiping two statues of the Golden Man as described, Mogao Caves , Dunhuang , ca. 8th century CE.]] An The Hou Hanshu then records the visit of Yuezhi envoys to the Chinese capital in 2 BC , who gave oral teachings on Buddhist sutras to a student, suggesting that some Yuezhi had already started to disseminate the Buddhist faith in eastern Asia during the 1st century BC (Baldev Kumar (1973), exact source needed). The Hou Hanshu describes the enquiry about Buddhism made around 70 CE by the Han Emperor Ming (58-75 CE): "There is a current tradition that Emperor Ming dreamed that he saw a tall golden man the top of whose head was glowing. He questioned his group of advisors and one of them said: “In the West there is a god called Buddha. His body is sixteen chi high (3.7 metres or 12 feet), and is the colour of true gold.” The Emperor, to discover the true doctrine, sent an envoy to Tianzhu (Northwestern India) to inquire about the Buddha’s doctrine, after which paintings and statues the Buddha appeared in the Middle Kingdom." This encounter is further described in a 6th Century CE account by Yang Xuanzhi : "The establishment of the Báimǎ-Sì ( White Horse Temple (白馬寺)) by Emperor Ming (58-75 CE) of the Han marked the introduction of Buddhism into China. The temple was located on the south side of the Imperial Drive, three leagues (li) outside the Xiyang Gate. The Emperor dreamt of the golden man sixteen Chinese feet tall, with the aureole of sun and moon radiating from his head and his neck. A "golden god", he was known as Buddha. The emperor dispatched envoys to the Western Regions ("遣使向西域求之") in search of the god, and, as a result, acquired Buddhist scriptures and images. At the time, because the scriptures were carried into China on the backs of white horses, White Horse was adopted as the name of the temple." burial in Sichuan province. Dated circa 200 CE . The hair, the moustache, the robe indicate heavy influence by Gandhara n styles.]] These Chinese emissaries are said to have visited the country of the Yuezhi (Ch: 月氏國), and to have brought back with them two missionaries named Dharmaraksa (Ch: 竺法蘭, Zhu Falan) and Kasyapa Matanga (Ch: 迦葉摩騰, Jiashe Moteng, sometimes shortened to Moteng), together with sutras written with 600,000 Sanskrit words. The two missionaries wrote “The Sutra of forty-two sections spoken by the Buddha" (四十二章經), to provide guidance on the ideas of Buddhism and the conduct of monks. It is the first Buddhist text in the Chinese language, although its authenticity is a matter of debate. Their arrival in 67 CE marks Buddhism's official introduction in China. Historians generally agree that by the middle of the 1st century, the religion had penetrated to areas north of the Huai River. Emperor Ming's brother Liu Ying the Prince of Chu was the first high-profile believer of Buddhism, although there is some evidence that Emperor Ming himself might have been as well. The first documented translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese occurs in 148 CE , with the arrival of the Parthian missionary An Shih Kao in China, probably on the heels of the Kushan expansion into the Tarim Basin . An Shi Kao established Buddhist temples in Loyang and organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, testifying to the beginning of a wave of Central Asian Buddhist proselytism that was to last several centuries. Traces of Buddhist iconography can also be seen in works of art from this period. By the end of the second century, a prosperous community had been settled at Pengcheng (modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ). Relation to Confucianism and Taoism Most of the Chinese gentry were indifferent to the Central Asia n travelers and their religion. Not only was their religion unknown, but much of it seemed alien and amoral to Chinese sensibilities. Concepts such as Monasticism and individual spiritual Enlightenment directly contradicted the core Confucian principles of family and emperor. Confucianism promoted social stability, order, strong families, and practical living. Chinese officials questioned how a monk's personal attainment of Nirvana (total state of peace and happiness) benefited the empire. Buddhism was less antithetical to Taoism , the other major religion of China. Indeed, upon first encountering Buddhism, many Chinese scholars regarded it as merely a foreign branch of Taoism. Local interpretation of Indian texts Buddha teaching. Zhang Shengwen, Yunnan , 1173-1176 AD.]] in downtown Shanghai . Recently rebuilt, it was established in the Three Kingdoms era ( Wu Kingdom ).]] To thrive in China, Buddhism had to transform itself into a system that could exist within the Chinese way of life. Thus highly regarded Indian Sutra s that advocated Filial Piety became core texts in China. Buddhism was made compatible with ancestor worship and participation in China's hierarchical system. Works were written arguing that the salvation of an individual was a benefit to that individual's society and family and monks thus contributed to the greater good. It is conjectured that the shocking collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 and the resulting period of social upheaval and political unrest known as the Three Kingdoms period may have helped the spread of Buddhism. Buddhism was a minor force, however, compared with Daoism which was directly associated with efforts to defy the emperor (cf. Yellow Turban Rebellion ). The Daoist Zhang family self-governed the Hanzhong Commandry for nearly 20 years until invasion by the renowned Chinese Warlord Cao Cao . A reason for the lack of interest mostly stemmed from the ruling entity and gentry. All the rulers were Han Chinese and had simply never heard of or knew too little of the religion. The Nine-grade Controller System , by which prominent individuals in each local administrative area were given the authority to rank local families and individuals in nine grades according to their potential for government service, further consolidated the importance of Confucianism. Daoism too remained a strong force among the population and philosophers. Buddhism gains political traction in the north Subsequent chaotic periods of Sixteen Kingdoms and Southern And Northern Dynasties changed the situation, resulting in state support of Buddhism. Most rulers of the Wu, Hu, and the Northern dynasties originated from more than ten distinct ethnic groups including either non- Han Chinese "barbarians", or Han Chinese after generations of "barbarian" influence. They did not propagate nor trust the combined philosophical concept of Confucianism and Daoism as zealously as their rivals in the south. Official support of Buddhism would eventually mould a new Chinese populace with a common ideology out of the diversely ethnic population, which would in turn consolidate these dynasties. It is instructive that Buddhism propagated faster in northern China than in the south. Social upheaval in northern China worked to break down cultural barriers between the elite ruling families and the general populace, in contrast to the south where elite clans and royal families firmly monopolized politics. Daoist and Confucian political ideology had long consolidated the political status of elite clans in the south. Support of another religion would have unknown and possibly adverse effects, for which these clans would not risk their privileges. Furthermore pro-Buddhist policy would not be backed by the bureaucracy, which had been staffed by members of the clans. Southern rulers were in weaker positions to strive for their legitimacy - some were even installed by the clans. It was not until the reign of Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty that saw the official support of Buddhism. Rebellion of Hou Jing near the end of Emperor Wu's reign wreaked havoc on the political and social privileges of the elite clans, which indirectly assisted the spread of Buddhism. But Buddhism spread pretty well in the peasant populace, both in the north and the south. Monks and rulers join forces , sandstone, Tianlongshan Grottoes, Shanxi , 6th Century .]] Arrivals of several prestigious monks in the early 5th Century also contributed to the propagation of the religion and were welcomed by rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties . Fo Tu Cheng was entrusted by the tyrant Shi Hu of Later Chao . Kumarajiva was invited by Lü Guang , the founder of Later Liang , and later by Yao Xing , second ruler of Later Qin . Biographies of these monks, among others, were the subject of the '' Memoirs Of Eminent Monks ''. The direct experiential impact of contact with practicing monks should not be underestimated. Confucianism had no equivalent to holy men — the archetypical best and brightest was a wise government minister, not a saint. Daoist priests were more immediate, but given to relativism. It is notable that when another "foreign " religion, Nestorianism , sought to extol the virtues of one of its main benefactors they claimed he was so moral that "...even among the most pure and self-denying of the Buddhists, such excellence was never heard of;" (cf. Nestorian Stele ). Through the actions and example of monks, Buddhists successfully laid claim to the high moral ground in society. In this way Buddhism grew to become a major religion in China. By the start of the 6th Century , Buddhism had grown in popularity to rival Daoism . We know they were successful because the monks were soon accused of falling into extravagance and their lands and properties confiscated by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou dynasty and Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty . During the early Chu Hsi ), sought to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism . Amitabha sculpture in the Hidden Stream Temple Cave, Longmen Grottoes , China .]] The popularization of Buddhism in this period is evident in the many scripture-filled caves and structures surviving today. The '' of AD 868 , a Buddhist scripture discovered in AD 1907 inside the Mogao Caves, was the first dated example of block printing. MODERN CHINESE BUDDHISM (BRANCHES AND SECTS) Today the most popular form of Buddhism in both Mainland China and Taiwan is a mix of the Pure Land and Chán schools. Its central scripture, the Amitabha Sutra was first brought to China by An Shigao , circa 147 , however the school did not become popular until later. NOTES REFERENCES #Chen, Kenneth Kuan Sheng. ''Buddhism in China: A historical survey.'' Princeton, N.J. , Princeton University Press, 1964. #Welch, Holmes. ''The practice of Chinese Buddhism''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967. #Welch, Holmes. ''The Buddhist revival in China''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968. #Welch, Holmes. ''Buddhism under Mao''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972. FURTHER READING from the Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1279 AD)]]
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