(n
State of
Maharashtra and the most populous
City in the country. With an estimated population of about 13 million in the city (as of 2007)
1 and 7 million in the suburbs
2, it forms the world's
Fifth Most Populous Metropolitan Area . Mumbai is located on
Salsette Island , off the
West Coast of India. The city has a deep natural harbour and the port handles over half of India's passenger traffic and a significant amount of cargo.Manorama Yearbook 2006
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, and houses important financial institutions, such as the
Reserve Bank Of India (RBI), the
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the
National Stock Exchange Of India (NSE) and the corporate
Headquarters of many
Indian Companies . Mumbai attracts migrants from all over India because of the immense employment opportunities, and the relatively high
Standard Of Living , making the city a potpourri of various communities and
Cultures . The city is home to India's
Hindi Film And Television Industry , known as
Bollywood . Mumbai is also one of the few cities that accommodates a
National Park , the
Sanjay Gandhi National Park , within its city limits.
The name Mumbai is an when the
Portuguese arrived in the area and called the place with various names, which would finally take on the written form ''Bombaim'', still common in current Portuguese use. After the
British gained possession in the
17th Century , it was
Anglicise d to ''Bombay'', although it was known as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as ''Bambai'' in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian.Sujata Patel "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism" in Sujata Patel & Jim Masselos (Eds.) Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2003 p4 However, even Marathi and Gujarati-speakers commonly used "Bombay" when speaking in EnglishMehta, Suketu. ''Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found.'' Knopf. New York: 2004. pg 130. The name was officially changed to Marathi pronunciation of ''Mumbai'' in 1995.
, at the
Taj Mahal Palace & Tower ]]
A widespread explanation of the origin of the traditional English name ''Bombay'' holds that it would be derived from a Portuguese name meaning ''good bay''.
Cities Guide: Mumbai at Economist.com. This is based on the fact that ''bom'' is Portuguese for ''good'' whereas the English word ''bay'' is similar to the Portuguese ''baía'' (''bahia'' in old spelling). However, the normal Portuguese rendering of ''good bay'' would have been ''bahia boa'' rather than the grammatically incorrect ''bom bahia''.
Other sources have a different origin for the Portuguese
Toponym ''Bombaim''. José Pedro Machado's ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' ("Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to the place, dated from
1516 , as ''Benamajambu'' or ''Tena-Maiambu'',Barbosa, Duarte, "Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente", 1516, ''apud'' Machado, J.P., "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa". pointing out that "maiambu"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century the spelling seems to have evolved to ''Mombayn'' (1525)Documents from the "Tombo do Estado da Índia" (currently the Historical Archives of Goa or Goa Purabhilekha). and then ''Mombaim'' (1563).Orta, Garcia da, "Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da Índia", original edition 1565, referenced edition 1891–1895,
Apud Machado, J.P., "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa". The final form ''Bombaim'' appears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar Correia in his ''Lendas da Índia'' ("Legends of India").Correia, Gaspar, "Lendas da Índia", originally from the 16th century, the text was published only in 1858 and 1866. J.P. Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the presence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (''bahia'', "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, adapted from Portuguese.Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", entry "Bombaim", volume I, pp. 265/266.
See Also: History of Mumbai
is a historic example of British colonial architecture in Mumbai]]
Present Mumbai was originally an
Archipelago of
Seven Islands .
Artefacts found near Empire, ruled by the
Buddhist emperor,
Aşoka . During the first few centuries of our era, control over Mumbai was disputed between the
Indo-Scythian Western Satraps and the
Satavahanas . The Hindu rulers of the
Silhara Dynasty later governed the islands until 1343, when the kingdom of
Gujarat annexed them. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the
Elephanta Caves and the
Walkeshwar Temple Complex date from this era.
In 1534, the Portuguese appropriated the islands from
Bahadur Shah Of Gujarat . They were ceded to
Charles II Of England in 1661, as
Dowry for
Catherine De Braganza . These islands, were in turn leased to the
British East India Company in 1668 for a sum of
£ 10
Per Annum . The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from
Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the
Bombay Presidency . From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large
Civil Engineering projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the
Hornby Vellard , was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438
Km&2 . In 1853, India's first passenger
Railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the town of
Thane . During the
American Civil War (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief
Cotton trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature.
was renamed
Hutatma Chowk , or "Martyr's Crossroads," in memory of the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]]
The opening of the . As capital of the
Bombay Presidency , it was a major base for the
Indian Independence Movement , with the
Quit India Movement called by
Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 being its most rubric event. After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of
Bombay State . In the 1950 the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north.
After 1955, when the
State Of Bombay was being reorganised along linguistic lines into the states of
Maharashtra and
Gujarat , there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. However, the
Samyukta Maharashtra Movement opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following a successful protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on
May 1 ,
1960 .
The late 1970s witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, which saw Mumbai overtake
Kolkata as India's most populous city. This led to the creation of the
Shiv Sena by
Balasaheb Thackeray , a political outfit safeguarding the rights of ''bhumiputra'' (sons of soil) in 1966. The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the
Riots of 1992-93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, on
March 12 ,
A Series Of Co-ordinated Bombings at several city landmarks by the
Mumbai Underworld killed around three hundred people. In 1995, the city was renamed ''Mumbai'' by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations. There have also been bomb explosions on public transport buses in the past couple of years. In
2006 , Mumbai was also the site of a
Major Terrorist Incident in which over two hundred people were killed when several
Bomb s exploded almost simultaneously on the
Mumbai Suburban Railway .
3
See Also: Timeline of Mumbai events
See Also: Geography of Mumbai
Mumbai is located on (169
Mi&2 ).
Five lakes supply water to Mumbai: Lakes Vihar, Vaitarna, Powai, Tulsi and Tansa.
Tulsi Lake ,
Vihar Lake and
Powai Lake are located within the metropolitan limits, the first two being located within the
Borivali National Park , and supply part of the city's drinking water. Mumbai also has three small rivers within the city limits originating in the National Park. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous
Creeks and
Bay s. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large
Mangrove Swamp s, rich in
Biodiversity . On the western coast there are two beaches, named
Juhu Beach and
Girgaum Chowpatti .
Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black -scale may be expected.
Mumbai is classified as a metropolis of India, under the jurisdiction of the
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation . It consists of two distinct regions — the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City''.
MMRDA Projects ,
Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
See Also: List of Mumbai beaches
See Also: Weather of Mumbai
The climate of the city, being in the recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37.16 inches) on
2005-07-26 .
DNA
The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February. Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C (100 °F) to a low of 11 °C (52 °F). The record high is 43.3 °C (110 °F) and record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) on
1962-01-22 .
Extreme temperatures Mumbai's mean monthly temperatures in middle summer (May) is 33°C (91°F) & in middle winter (January) it drops to 19°C (67°F). Due to humidity & overall weather pattern, people do not suffer from any extremity in weather with exception of Monsoon in some cases—ie. floods.
is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.]]
See Also: Economy of Mumbai
Mumbai serves as a important economic hub of the country, contributing 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all
Income Tax collections, 60% of all
Customs Duty collections, 20% of all central
Excise Tax collections, 40% of India's
Foreign Trade and
Rupees 40
Billion (
US$ 9 billion) in
Corporate Tax es.''Manorama Yearbook 2003'', pg 678, ISBN 81-900461-8-7. Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs.48,954 which is almost three times the national average.
Maharashtra tourism development corporation
Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including
State Bank Of India ,
Tata Group ,
Godrej and
Reliance ), and four of the
Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai. Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area.
Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing,
Healthcare and
Information Technology .
Mumbai’s status as the state capital means that state and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such
Blue Collar professions. The port and shipping industry, too, employs many residents, directly or indirectly.
, a modern business district, has shifted commercial concentration towards the suburbs]]
The media industry is the other major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry,
Bollywood , is located in Mumbai, and the name Bollywood is a
Portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood, the center of the American film industry.
Marathi television and
Marathi Film Industry are also based in Mumbai.
Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid nineties and the IT, export, services and
BPO boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending.
Mumbai has been ranked 10th among the world's biggest centres of commerce in terms of the financial flow volumes in a survey compiled by Mastercard Worldwide, which takes into consideration size of financial services network besides equity, bond, derivatives and commodity contract transactions
See Also: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
The city is administered by the field candidates in the elections for Councillors.
The metropolitan area forms two
Districts of Maharashtra, with each district under the jurisdiction of a
District Collector . The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the
Central Government , and oversee the
National Elections held in the city.
The
Mumbai Police is headed by a
Police Commissioner , who is an
IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police.
Mumbai is the seat of the
Bombay High Court , which exercises jurisdiction over the states of
Maharashtra and
Goa , and the
Union Territories of
Daman And Diu and
Dadra And Nagar Haveli . Mumbai also has two lower courts, the
Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the
Sessions Court for criminal cases.
The city elects six members to the
Lok Sabha and thirty-four members to the
Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (State assembly).
See Also: Public transport in Mumbai
houses the suburban railway that is often called the lifeline of the city]]
Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on
Public Transport to travel to and from their workplace. The city is the headquarters of two
Railway Zones – the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly known as Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near
Churchgate . The backbone of the city's transport, the
Mumbai Suburban Railway , is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The
Western Railway runs along the western region of the city, while the
Central Railway covers most of the central and northeast parts of the metropolis. Both lines extend into the exurbs, each covering a total one-way length of around 125 km. The
Harbour Line is a sub-division of the
Central Railway , covering a distance of 54 km along the south-eastern section of the city, near the docks, and extending into
Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai). Mumbai is well connected by the
Indian Railways to most parts of
India through trains that originate from
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus),
Dadar ,
Lokmanya Tilak Terminus ,
Mumbai Central and
Bandra Terminus . Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 2.2 billion passengers every year. Incidentally, the world's population is 6 billion.
Public buses run by
BEST (an autonomous body under the BMC) cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai and
Thane . Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker and air-conditioned buses.
Black and yellow-metered taxis, accommodating up to four passengers with luggage, cover most of the metropolis.
Auto Rickshaw s, allowed to operate only in the suburban areas, are the main form of hired transport here. These three-wheeled vehicles can accommodate up to three passengers.
Mumbai's
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly, Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in India, and caters to cargo and passenger flights. It has two distinct terminals - the domestic terminal commonly called Santacruz Airport situated between the suburbs of Vile Parle and Santacruz, and the international terminal(still popularly called Sahar Airport) situated in the eastern Andheri suburbs. The
Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts a
Flying Club and a
Heliport . The proposed
Navi Mumbai International Airport which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctioned by the Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. Mumbai single handedly handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traffic in the country.
With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo. Manorama Yearbook 2006 It is also an important base for the
Indian Navy , being the headquarters of the Western Naval Command. Matthew, K.M. (2006). Manorama Yearbook 2003, pg 524, Malaya Manorama. ISBN 81-89004-07-7 Ferries from
Ferry Wharf allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area.
See Also: Mumbai Suburban Railway
The BMC supplies
Potable Water to the city, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at
Bhandup , which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800
Metric Tonne s''The Times of India'', Mumbai edition (print),
2005-04-19 , pg 2 is transported to dumping grounds in
Gorai in the northwest,
Mulund in the northeast, and
Deonar in the east.
Sewage treatment is carried out at
Worli and
Bandra , and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4kms and 3.7kms at Bandra and Worli respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planning stages.
Electricity is provided by
BEST in the city, and by
Reliance Energy ,
Tata Power , and
Mahavitaran (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is
Hydroelectric and
Nuclear based. Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest
Telephone service provider is the state-owned
MTNL , which held a
Monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile
WLL services.
Cell Phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are
Hutch Essar ,
Airtel ,
BPL Group ,
Reliance Communications and
Tata Indicom . Both
GSM and
CDMA services are available in the city.
Broadband Internet penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and
Tata being the leading service providers.
Since 1995, many parts of the city also have access to piped gas, provided by Mahanagar Gas Limited, which also provides compressed natural gas to 127 gas stations.
See Also: Mumbai's water sources
is a famous landmark in Mumbai]]
According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai is about 12 million,
4 with the population of the urban agglomerate exceeding 16 million.
5 The s (68% of the population),
Muslim s (17% of the population), and
Christians and
Jains (4% each). The remainder are
Parsi s,
Buddhist s,
Sikh s,
Jew s and
Atheist s.''The
Times Of India '', Mumbai edition (print),
2004-09-24 , pg 1
According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups demographics are -
Maharashtrians (42%),
Gujaratis (18%),
North Indian (21%),
Tamil People (3%),
Sindhis (3%),
Kannadigas (5%) and others.
Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is the
Arthur Road Jail .''The Times of India'', Mumbai edition (print),
2005-03-14 , pg 5
Mumbai has a large
Polyglot population like any other
Metropolitan City of India.
Marathi , the official language of Maharashtra state is widely spoken. Other languages spoken are
Hindi and
English . A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''
Bambaiya '' – a blend of
Marathi ,
Hindi ,
Indian English and some invented colloquial words are spoken on the streets. English is extensively spoken, and is the principal language of the city's
White Collar workforce.
Like other , 2001.
"AIDS in Asia, Face the Facts" , Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic (MAP) Network report, 2004.), contributes to the spread of AIDS in the region and the country.
See Also: Growth of Mumbai
Mumbai statistics
See Also: Mumbai culture
A resident of Mumbai is called a ''
Mumbaikar '', or ''Bombayite''. Many residents live close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Thus, many live a fast-paced life. Mumbai residents celebrate
Indian and Western festivals with great fanfare. Among the popular festivals celebrated in the city are
Ganesh Chaturthi ,
Navratri ,
Diwali ,
Holi ,
Ramazan ,
Dahi Handi , and Mount Mary Carnival.
The metropolis has its own local roadside
Fast Food flavour, comprising
Vada Pav (leavened wheat bread split in half, with fried dumplings as filling),
Panipuri (deep fried crêpe with tamarind and lentil sauce), ''paav bhaji'' (leavened wheat bread accompanied with fried vegetables), sandwich (White sandwich bread with butter hot sauce (Chutney) tomato, potatoes, onions, cucumber and beetroot) and
Bhelpuri (puffed rice mixture), while
South India n and
Indian Chinese are also very popular. The cosmopolitan residents have unique tastes in cuisine,
Music , film and literature, both Indian and international. Mumbai has two
UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the
Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the
Elephanta Caves .
6
is a popular destination for residents and tourists alike]]
Mumbai is the birthplace of
Indian Cinema (
Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with his silent movies followed by his
Marathi Talkies ), with the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including world's largest
IMAX dome theatre
7, which feature mainstream
Bollywood ,
Marathi and
Hollywood movies. Many film festivals are avidly attended throughout the year. Besides catering to cinephiles, the city has a thriving theatrical tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English and other regional languages. Contemporary art is well represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government funded
Art Galleries include The
Jehangir Art Gallery and The
National Gallery Of Modern Art . Built in 1833, the
Asiatic Society Of Bombay is the oldest
Public Library in the city.
Mumbai has six ,
London ,
Los Angeles ,
Saint Petersburg ,
Stuttgart and
Yokohama .
BMC to woo sister cities
Mumbai has numerous and ''
India Today '', ''Outlook'' in
English .
The national television broadcaster,
Doordarshan , provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.
Zee Marathi ,
ETV Marathi , DD Sahyadri,
Zee TV , Star plus and news channels are popular.
Satellite Television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's
Polyglot populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence.
There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the
FM band, and three
All India Radio stations broadcasting on the
AM band.
See Also: List of Mumbai radio stations
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the
Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE) , the all-India
Indian Certificate Of Secondary Education (ICSE) , or the
Central Board For Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of English as a medium of instruction.
Under the , commerce or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the
University Of Mumbai , one of the largest
Universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The
Indian Institute Of Technology, Bombay , one of India's premier engineering schools,
VJTI (Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute) ,
SNDT Women's University and
Tata Institute Of Social Sciences are the other universities in Mumbai.
Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions – The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (
TIFR ), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (
BARC ).
See Also: List of Mumbai Colleges
hosts
Cricket , Mumbai's most popular sport]]
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the
Maidan s (grounds) around the city.
Gully Cricket , a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city, especially on Sundays. Mumbai has produced several
Famous International Cricketers , and is home to the
Board Of Control For Cricket In India (BCCI). International cricket is widely watched, and the city comes to a virtual standstill on days when the
Indian Cricket Team plays important matches. The local
Mumbai Cricket Team is among the strongest competitors and the most successfull team in the
Ranji Trophy , the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the
Wankhede Stadium and the
Brabourne Stadium . The Wankhede stadium is set to host the final of
2011 Cricket World Cup .
Football is the second most popular sport with the city clubs playing during the
Monsoon s, when other outdoor sports cannot be played. The
Football World Cup is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. India's national sport,
Field Hockey , has gone into a sharp decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket, though many Mumbai players play in the national team.
Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and
Gymkhana s, and include
Tennis ,
Squash ,
Billiards ,
Badminton ,
Table Tennis and
Golf . Mumbai also plays
Rugby , one of the few Indian cities to do so. Every February, Mumbai holds the
Derby races in the
Mahalaxmi Racecourse . The event sees many of the city's glitterati attending, arrayed in the latest fashions. In recent times
Formula 1 racing has also caught the public's attention, and Mumbai is one of the many Indian cities trying to become part of the worldwide circuit. In March 2004, Mumbai Grand Prix was held as part of the
F1 Powerboat World Championship . Other sports such as
Volleyball and
Basketball are mostly popular in schools and colleges.
In 2004, the
Mumbai Marathon , an annual marathon event, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to the
Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open , which is an
International Series tournament of the
ATP Tour .
- Fox, Edmund A; ''Short History of Bombay Presidency'' (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN
- MacLean, James Mackenzie; ''A Guide to Bombay'' (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN
- Chaudhari, K.K; ''History of Bombay'' (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra
- Tindall, Gillian; ''City of Gold'' (1992) — Penguin ISBN 0-14-009500-4
- Mehta, Suketu ; ''Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found'' (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8
- Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; ''Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India'' (1995) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563688-0
- Katiyar, Arun & Bhojani, Namas; ''Bombay, A Contemporary Account'' (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 8172232160
- Contractor, Behram ; ''From Bombay to Mumbai'' (1998) — Oriana Books
- Virani, Pinki; ''Once was Bombay'' (1999) — Viking ISBN 0-670-88869-9
- Mappls — ''Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai'' (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2
- Agarwal, Jagdish; ''Bombay - Mumbai: A Picture Book'' (1998) — Wilco Publishing House ISBN 81-87288-35-3
- Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; ''Bombay, The Cities Within'' (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X
- BMC information on the city — A complete reference on the city prepared by the BMC
- Sharada Dwivedi, ''Goddess Island'' Indian Express, June 6 , 2005
- The Mumbai Pages — a vast collection of information on the city
- ''Our Greater Bombay'' (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research
- ''The Oxford School Atlas''; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4
- ''BusinessWeek''; August 12 , 2005 ; "China and India" special coverage
- Mumbai Suburban Rail Map (including Proposed Metrol Rail Project)
