Information AboutBeagle 2 |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT BEAGLE 2 | |
| mars spacecraft | |
| european space agency | |
| european space agency probes | |
| inactive extraterrestrial land probes | |
''Beagle 2'' was an unsuccessful British landing spacecraft that formed part of the European Space Agency 's 2003 '' Mars Express '' mission. It is not known for certain that the lander reached the Martian surface; all contact with it was lost upon its separation from the Mars Express six days before its scheduled entry into the atmosphere. It may have missed Mars altogether, skipped off the atmosphere and entered an orbit around the sun, or burned up during its descent. If it reached the surface, it may have hit too hard or just simply failed to contact Earth due to a minor fault. BACKGROUND ''Beagle 2'' was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor Colin Pillinger of the Open University , in collaboration with the University Of Leicester . Its purpose was to search for signs of Martian Life , past or present, and its name reflected this goal, as Professor Pillinger explained: :"'' HMS Beagle '' was the ship that took Darwin on his voyage around the world in the 1830s and led to our knowledge about life on Earth making a real Quantum Leap . We hope ''Beagle 2'' will do the same thing for life on Mars ." A point at 10.6°N, 270°W in Isidis Planitia , a large flat Sedimentary Basin that overlies the boundary between the ancient highlands and the northern plains of Mars, was chosen as the landing site. The lander was expected to operate for about 180 days and an extended mission of up to one Martian Year (687 Earth days) was thought possible. The ''Beagle 2'' lander objectives were to characterize the landing site Geology , Mineralogy , Geochemistry and Oxidation State , the physical properties of the Atmosphere and surface layers, collect data on Martian Meteorology and Climatology , and search for possible signatures of life. Pillinger set up a consortium to design and build Beagle 2. The principal members and their initial responsibilities were:
In 2000, when the main development phase started, Astrium took over responsibility for programme management, and Leicester assumed responsibility for mission management which involved the preparations for the operations post launch and the operations control centre. In an effort to publicise the project and gain financial support, its designers sought and received the endorsement and participation of British artists. The mission's call-sign was composed by the band Blur , and the 'test card' (Calibration Target Plate) intended for calibrating Beagle 2's cameras and spectrometers after landing was painted by Damien Hirst . The Lander Operations Control Centre (LOCC) was located at the National Space Centre in Leicester , from which the Spacecraft was being controlled, and was visible to the public visiting the centre. The control centre included operational systems for controlling the Beagle-2, analysis tools for processing engineering and scientific telemetry, virtual reality tools for preparing activity sequences, communications systems, and the Ground Test Model (GTM). The GTM was comprised of various builds of the Beagle-2 systems, collected together to provide a full set of lander electronics. The GTM was used nearly continuously to validate the engineering and science commands, to rehearse the landing sequence, and to validate the onboard software. SPACECRAFT AND SUBSYSTEMS ''Beagle 2'' had a robotic arm known as the Payload Adjustable Workbench (PAW), designed to be extended after landing. The PAW contained a pair of Stereo cameras, a Microscope (with a 6 Micrometre resolution), a Mössbauer Spectrometer , an X-ray Spectrometer , a drill for collecting rock samples and a spotlamp. The so-called Rock Corer/Grinder could collect a core sample from inside any rocks within reach of the robot arm. Rock samples were to be passed by the PAW into a Mass Spectrometer and Gas Chromatograph in the body of the lander - the GAP (Gas Analysis Package), to measure the relative proportions of different Isotope s of Carbon . Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether the samples contained the remnants of living organisms. In addition, ''Beagle 2'' was equipped with a small " Mole " (Planetary Undersurface Tool, or PLUTO), to be deployed by the arm. PLUTO had a compressed Spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of about 1 cm every 5 seconds and to burrow into the ground and collect a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. The mole was attached to the lander by a power cable which could be used as a winch to bring the sample back to the lander. The lander had the shape of a shallow bowl with a diameter of 1m and a depth of 0.25 m. The cover of the lander was hinged and folded open to reveal the interior of the craft which holds a UHF antenna, the 0.75 m long Robot arm, and the scientific equipment. The main body also contained the battery, Telecommunication s, electronics, and central processor, heaters, and additional payload items (radiation and oxidation sensors). The lid itself further unfolded to expose four disk-shaped Solar Array s. The lander package had a mass of 69 kg at launch but the actual lander would have been only 33.2 kg at touchdown. The ground segment itself was derived from the European Space Agency software kernel known as SCOS2000. In keeping with the low cost theme of the mission, the control software was the first of its type deployed on a laptop while the Lander Control Centre was located at the Leicester National Space Centre in a room that was permanently visible to the centre visitors, members of the public. MISSION PROFILE ''Mars Express'' launched from . Compression of the martian atmosphere and radiation from the hot gas are estimated to have led to a peak heating rate of around 100 W /cm&2, comparable to the heat flux experienced by Mars Pathfinder. After deceleration in the Martian atmosphere, Parachute s were to be deployed and about 1 km above the surface large Airbag s were to inflate around the lander and protect it when it hit the surface. Landing was expected to occur at about 02:45 UT on 25 December (9:45 p.m. EST 24 December). After landing the bags were supposed to deflate and the top of the lander was to open. The top should have unfolded to expose the four solar array disks. Within the body of the lander a UHF antenna was to be deployed. A signal was supposed to be sent to ''Mars Express'' after landing and another the next (local) morning to confirm that ''Beagle 2'' survived the landing and the first night on Mars. A panoramic image of the landing area was then supposed to be taken using the stereo camera and a pop-up mirror, after which the lander arm would have been released. The lander arm was to dig up samples to be deposited in the various instruments for study, and the "mole" would have been deployed, crawling across the surface to a distance of about 3 metres from the lander and burrowing under rocks to collect soil samples for analysis. The British government spent more than £22 million ( US$ 40 million) on ''Beagle 2'', with the remainder of the total £44 million (US$80 million) coming from the private sector. {Link without Title} MISSION PROGRESS Although the ''Beagle 2'' craft successfully deployed from the ''Mars Express'' "mother ship", confirmation of a successful landing was not forthcoming. Confirmation should have come on 25 December 2003 , when the ''Beagle 2'' should have contacted NASA 's '' Mars Odyssey '' spacecraft that was already in orbit. In the following days, the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank also failed to pick up a signal from ''Beagle 2''. The team said they were "still hopeful" of finding a successful return signal. Attempts were made throughout January and February of 2004 to contact ''Beagle 2'' using ''Mars Express''. The first of these occurred on January 7 , 2004 , but ended in failure. Although regular calls were made, particular hope was placed on communication occurring on January 12, when ''Beagle 2'' was pre-programmed to expect the ''Mars Express'' probe to fly overhead, and on the February 2, when the probe was supposed to resort to the last communication back-up mode: Autotransmit. However, no communication was ever established with ''Beagle 2''. On December 31 , 2003 , it was reported that a Crater was photographed in the center of the target landing site. It was originally believed that this could have been the final resting place of ''Beagle 2'', the craft unable to transmit from the shadow of the crater walls; however, higher-resolution imagery later disproved this theory. ''Beagle 2'' was declared lost on February 6 , 2004 , by the ''Beagle 2'' Management Board. On February 11, ESA announced an inquiry would be held into the failure of ''Beagle 2''. Failures in missions to Mars are common. As of 2006, of 37 launch attempts to reach the planet, only 18 have succeeded. See the so-called Mars Curse for details. Search for a possible crash site On 's HiRISE camera observed the area in February 2007, revealing that the crater was emptyhttp://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_002347_1915. ESA/UK INQUIRY REPORT In May, 2004, the report from the Commission of Inquiry on ''Beagle 2'' was submitted to ESA and the UK's science minister Lord Sainsbury . Initially the full report was not published on the grounds of confidentiality, but a list of 19 recommendations was announced to the public. Professor David Southwood , ESA's director of science, provided the following scenarios on how the landing might have failed:
In February 2005, following comments from the House Of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology, the report was made public, and Leicester University independently published a detailed mission report, including possible failure modes, and a "lessons learned" pamphlet. LEGACY In 2004, Colin Pillinger announced plans to launch an improved successor, provisionally entitled '''', in 2009. |
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