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'', one of the techniques of Ayurveda]] Ayurveda (. It is presently in daily use by millions of people in India , Nepal , Sri Lanka and indirectly through it being the major influence on Unani , Chinese and Tibetan Medicine . The word "Ayurveda" is a Tatpurusha compound of the word '''' meaning "life" or "life principle", and the word '''', which refers to a system of "knowledge". Thus "Ayurveda" roughly translates as the "knowledge of life". According to Charaka Samhita , "life" itself is defined as the "combination of the body, sense organs, mind and soul, the factor responsible for preventing decay and death, which sustains the body over time, and guides the processes of rebirth" 'Suddha medicine' refers to classical Ayurvedic medicine. The word "suddha" is translated as "pure". According to this perspective, Ayurveda is concerned with measures to protect "ayus", which includes healthy living along with therapeutic measures that relate to physical, mental, social and spiritual harmony. Ayurveda is also one among the few traditional systems of medicine to contain a sophisticated system of Surgery (which is referred to as "salya-chikitsa"). OVERVIEW According to the Ayurvedavatarana (the "descent of Ayurveda"), the origin of Ayurveda is stated to be a , which was compiled by Sushrut, the primary pupil of Dhanvantri, sometime around 1000 BCE . Dhanvantri is known as the Father of Surgery, and in the Sushrut Samhita, the teachings and surgical techniques of Dhanvantri are compiled and complemented with additional findings and observations of Sushrut regarding topics ranging from obstetrics and orthopedics to ophthalmology. Sushrut Samhita together with Charaka Samhitā , served as the textual material within the ancient Universities of Takshashila and Nalanda . These texts are believed to have been written around the beginning of the Common Era , and are based on a Holistic approach rooted in the philosophy of the Vedas and Vedic culture. EIGHT BRANCHES (ASHTHANGA) OF AYURVEDA The eight branches of Ayurveda are:
See Also: The Eight Armed Ayurveda HISTORY . Hinduism believes in the divine origin of Ayurveda]] , the God of Ayurveda]] , a follower of Buddha , was a well known Herbologist , known for inventing various new drugs for the treatment of ailments]] Documented references to the precise timing of the origins of Ayurveda are not available. The age of Ayurveda has been established on the basis of correlating the evidence with other disciplines as well as circumstantial evidence. Ayurveda is said to have been first compiled as a text by Agnivesha, in his book ''Agnivesh tantra'', which was written during Vedic times. The book was later revised by Charaka, and renamed to Charaka Samhitā (encyclopedia of the physician Charaka). History of Ayurveda,''ayurvediccure.com Other early texts of Ayurveda include the ''Charaka Samhitā'' and the ''Sushruta Samhitā'' The system was orally transferred via the Gurukul system until a script came into existence. The earliest scripts would have been written on perishable materials such as Taalpatra and Bhojapatra , which could not be readily preserved. The script was later written on stone and copper sheets. Verses dealing with Ayurveda are included in the Atharvaveda , which implies that some form of Ayurveda is as old as the Vedas. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva_Veda,_Ayurveda_verses Ayurvedic practices have also evolved over time, and some practices may be considered innovations upon earlier Vedic practices, such as the advances made during the Buddhist period in India. Hinduism attributes the genesis of Ayurveda to several theories in which the knowledge is believed to have been passed on from being to being, initially, through its realization by the divine sages, and gradually into the human sphere by a complex system of mnemonics. Details of Ayurvedic traditions vary between writers, as is expected when oral traditions are transcribed from multiple sources. The earliest authors of Ayurvedic manuscripts recorded divergent forms of the tradition. DEVELOPMENT Ayurvedic practice was flourishing during the time of Buddha (around 520 BC) , and in this period the Ayurvedic practitioners were commonly using Mercuric - Sulphur combination based medicines. In this period mercury, sulphur and other metals were used in conjunction with herbs to prepare the different medications. An important Ayurvedic practitioner of this period was Nagarjuna , a Buddhist Herbologist , famous for inventing various new drugs for the treatment of ailments. Nagarjuna was accompanied by Surananda , Nagbodhi , Yashodhana , Nityanatha , Govinda , Anantdev , Vagbhatta etc. The knowledge of Ayurveda progressed a lot during this period, including development of newer and more effective medicines, and is therefore termed as the ''Golden Period of Ayurveda''. After emerging victorious at the Kalinga War , Emperor Ashoka (304 BC-232 BC) influenced by the Buddhist teachings, banned any bloodshed in his kingdom in 250 BC. Therefore many Ayurveda practitioners, who were practicing surgery along with medicine, left the surgical intervention and adopted totally new medicinal treatments. In this period, Ayurveda again evolved and flourished with the invention of new drugs, new methodology and new innovations. The practice of the accompanying surgery slowly died out during this period. During the regime of Chandragupta Maurya (375-415 AD), Ayurveda was part of mainstream Indian medical techniques, and continued to be so until the colonisation by the British . Chakrapani Dutta (DuttaSharma) was a Vaid Brahman of Bengal who wrote books on Ayurveda such as " Chakradutta " and others. Chakrapani Dutta was the Rajavaidya of Great King Laxman Sen {some says rajVaid of King Nayapala (1038 - 1055)}. It is believed by some practitioners that Chakradutta is the essence of Ayurveda. Ayurveda has always been preserved by the people of India as a traditional "science of life", despite increasing adoption of European medical techniques during the time of British rule. For several decades the reputation and skills of the various Ayurvedic schools declined markedly as Western medicine and Western-style hospitals were built. However, beginning in the 1970s, a gradual recognition of value of Ayurveda returned, and today Ayurvedic hospitals and practitioners are flourishing throughout all of India. As well, the production and marketing of Ayurvedic herbal medicines has dramatically increased, as well as scientific documentation of benefits. Today, Ayurvedic medicines are available throughout the world. See Also: The Eight Armed Ayurveda Gurukul system of Ayurveda In the earlier days of its conception, the system of Ayurvedic medicine was orally transferred via the Gurukul system until a written script came into existence. In this system, the Guru gave a solemn address where he directed the students to a life of chastity, honesty, and Vegetarianism . The student was to strive with all his being to heal the sick. He was not to betray patients for his own advantage. He was required to dress modestly and avoid alcohol or drugs. He was to be collected and self-controlled, measured in speech at all times. He was to constantly improve his knowledge and technical skill. At the patient's home, he was to be courteous and modest, directing all attention to the patient's welfare. He was not to divulge any knowledge about the patient and his family. If the patient was incurable, he was to keep this to himself if it was likely to harm the patient or others. The normal length of the student's training appears to have been seven years. Before graduation, the student was to pass a test. But the physician was to continue to learn through texts, direct observation ( Pratyaksha ), and through inference ( Anumāna ). In addition, the Vaidyas attended meetings where knowledge was exchanged. The practitioners also gained knowledge of unusual remedies from laypeople who were outside the Ayurvedic community such as hillsmen, herdsmen, and forest-dwellers. See Also: Teachings of Ayurveda TRIDOSHA SYSTEM The central concept of Ayurvedic medicine is the theory that health exists when there is a balance between three fundamental bodily humours or doshas called Vata, Pitta and Kapha.
All Ayurvedic physicians believe that these ancient ideas, based in the spiritual knowledge discovered by the Rishis and Munis, exist in harmony with physical reality. These Ayurvedic concepts allow physicians to examine the homeostasis of the whole system. People may be of a predominant dosha or constitution, but all doshas have the basic elements within them. AYURVEDIC TASTES Ayurveda holds that the tastes of foods or herbs have specific physiological effects. Those tastes that transform after digestion (Vipaka) are more powerful. ;Sweet - Madhura :Sweet foods nourish, cool, moisten, oil, and increase weight ;Sour - Amla :Sour foods warm, oil, and increase weight ;Salty - Lavan :Salty foods warm, dissolve, stimulate, soften, oil, and increase weight ;Bitter - Katu :Bitter foods cool, dry, purify and decrease weight ;Pungent - Tikta :Pungent foods warm, dry, stimulate, and decrease weight ;Astringent - Kasaya :Astringent foods cool, dry, reduce stickiness. MEDICATIONS (holy basil) plant has medicinal qualities]] Ayurveda operates on the precept that various materials of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin have some medicinal value. The medicinal properties of these materials have been documented by the practitioners and have been used for centuries to cure illness and/or help maintain good health. Ayurvedic medicaments are made from herbs or mixtures of herbs, either alone or in combination with minerals, metals and other ingredients of animal origin. The metals, animals and minerals are purified by individual processes before being used for medicinal purposes. Writers and compilers of Ayurvedic literature such as Charaka, Sushruta, Vagabhatta, Bhav Mishra, Shaligram and others have written about the qualities, characteristics and medicinal uses of the herbs, mineral, metals, chemicals, animal parts, cooked food articles, natural foods, fruits etc. Among them, the '' Bhav Prakash Nighantu '', written by Bhav Mishra, is known for its detail .The composition of the ''Nighantu part'' (Ayurvedic Materia Medica) of the Bhav Prakash is part of the classical book. The details of the medicinal herbs are given according to the nature, effects, and curative properties as observed by the Ayurvedic practitioners. Ayurvedic literature has been written by several authors in languages such as Sanskrit , Hindi , Kannada , Tamil and more recently, in English .The ''Shaligram Nighantu'' was written in Sanskrit. The ''Banaushadhi Chandrodaya'' was written in Hindi .The ''Indian Materia Medica'' was written in English. See Also: List of herbs and minerals in Ayurveda PANCHAKARMA AND AYURVEDIC MASSAGE Panchakarma (the five actions or modalities) is a collection of purification techniques that Ayurveda prescribes for some diseases and for periodic cleansing. A course of Pancharkarma typically includes a short-term dietary prescription, massage, herbs, and may include purgatives, sweat baths, medicated enemas, and nasal cleansing. Ayurvedic massage is a form of treatment for various age related and other common disorders. Some of the advantages which can be cited are pain relief, improved circulation, stress relief, better sleep, flexibility, athletic performance and emotional benefits . Massage therapy can soothe pain, relax stiff muscles, and reduce the swelling that accompanies arthritis . Advocates claim that, with ayurvedic massage, deep-seated toxins in the joints and tissues are loosened and released into the system for elimination through natural toxin-release processes. Ayurveda is Life - Best Ayurveda Ayurvedic massage is especially developed in Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala See Also: Panchakarma CURRENT STATUS In the early 20th century, Ayurvedic physicians began to organize into professional associations and to promote their case for national recognition and funding. This began to become a reality after Indian Independence in 1947. Ayurveda is now a statutory, recognised medical system of health care like other medical systems existing in India. The Central Council of Indian Medicine {CCIM} governs and recommends policies for the research and development of the system. An Encyclopedia on Ayurveda - Ayushveda.com {Link without Title} has been developed to promote the knowledge of Ayurveda worldwide. In certain States In India , ''Charak Samhita'' and ''Sushruta Samhita'' are included in the curriculum of modern medical courses ( M.B.B.S ). Ayurvedic institutions and practitioners Ayurvedic practitioners have been appointed as Honorary Ayurvedic Physician to the President Of India . Every year on the occasion of Dhanvantari jayanti, a prestigious Dhanvantari Award is conferred on a famous personality of Medical Sciences including Ayurveda. Karnataka is the leading state in India that promotes research and practices of Ayurveda. This has been attributed to Karnataka's well established Ayurveda centers, Ayurveda pharmaceutical companies, and also the presence of medicinal herbs and plants in the Western Ghats mountain range. Today besides Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharastra, and Kerala are also promoting Ayurveda. For example, there are many Ayurvedic centers (known as ''Vaidya shalas'') all over Kerala. Practice in the west As a result of strong regulations in medical practice in Europe and America , the most commonly practiced Ayurvedic treatments in the west are massage and dietary and herbal advice. In the United States, the National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine (established by Scott Gerson) is an example of a research institute that has carried out research into Ayurvedic practices. National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine, United States Gerson has published part of his work on the antifungal activities of certain Ayurvedic plants in medical journals.Gerson, S, Green, LH, Preliminary Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Morinda citrifolia Linn., Abstr. Am. Soc. Microbiol. A-66:13 May 2002 Several Pharmecutical companies and Academic Institutions in the west have come into conflict with Indian academic institutions and traditional Ayurvedic practitioners over the intellectual property rights of herbal products researched by the western agencies. The Ayurvedic practitioners have known about the efficacy of such products for centuries and so contend that they carry precedence with regards to patent rights on such products. On December 1993, the University Of Mississippi Medical Center had a patent issued to them by U.S patents and trademarks office on the use of Turmeric (U.S. patent No. 5,401,504) for healing. The patent was contested by India's industrial research organization, Council For Scientific And Industrial Research (C.S.I.R) , on the grounds that traditional Ayurvedic practitioners were already aware of the healing properties of the substance and have been for centuries, making this patent a case of Bio-piracy . After a complex legal battle, the U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office ruled on August 14 , 1997 that the patent was invalid because it was not a novel invention, giving the intellectual property rights to the principle back to the traditional practitioners of Ayurveda. R. A. Mashelkar, director-general of the CSIR, was satisfied with the result, saying:
The turmeric patent was just one of the hundreds that the several academic organizations and Pharmecutical companies in the west have claimed by ignoring Ayurvedic knowledge. Vandana Shiva, a global campaigner for a fair and honest Intellectual Property Rights system, says patents on herbal products derived from Neem , Amla , Jar Amla, Anar , Salai , Dudhi , Gulmendhi , Bagbherenda , Karela , Erand , Rangoon-kibel, Vilayetishisham and Chamkura also need to be revoked. Seven American and four Japanese firms have filed for grant of patents on formulations containing extracts of the herb Ashwagandha . Fruits, leaves and seeds of the Indian medicinal plant Withania Somnifera have been traditionally used for the Ayurvedic system as aphrodisiacs, diuretics and for treating memory loss. The Japanese patent applications are related to the use of the herb as a skin ointment and for promoting reproductive fertility. The U.S based company Natreon has also obtained a patent for an Ashwagandha extract. Another US establishment, the New England Deaconess Hospital, has taken a patent on an Ashwagandha formulation claimed to alleviate symptoms associated with Arthritis . It is clear that the Ashwagandha plant is catching the attention of scientists and more patents related to Ashwagandha are being filed or granted by different patent offices since 1996. Ashwagandha next on patent hunters list ,''Hindu Vivek Kendra'' archive of the ''Times of India'' May 16 2001 Ayurvedic wisdom originated in the main Vedas as a part of way of life - a spiritual connection with spirit and nature. This is most evident reading Atharva Veda. Ayurveda was used to remove obstacles on one’s path to Self-Realization . At some point the medical aspects began to take priority over the spiritual forms of healing (ie, focusing on lifestyle, Dharma and Moksha . Today, these spiritual aspects of Ayurveda have taken a back seat to the medical focus. As Ayurveda becomes more commercially viable career, the spiritual aspects may continue to lose ground. Yet there are a growing number of practitioners who practice mainly these spiritual therapies and find better results than limiting their approach to the medical, physical realm. CRITICISMS Scientific studies and standards Critics object to the lack of rigorous scientific studies and Clinical Trials of many ayurvedic products. The National Center For Complementary And Alternative Medicine states that "most clinical trials of Ayurvedic approaches have been small, had problems with research designs, lacked appropriate control groups, or had other issues that affected how meaningful the results were." Ayurveda under the scanner,''The Hindu'' In India, scientific research in Ayurveda is largely undertaken by the statutory body of the Dr. M.S. Valiathan...admit that 'clinical studies that would satisfy the liberal criteria of WHO World Health Organisation have been alarmingly few from India, in spite of patients crowding in Ayurvedic hospitals"'. Safety concerns There is evidence that using some ayurvedic medicine, especially those involving Herbs , Metals , Minerals , or other materials involves potentially serious risks, including Toxicity . National Center for Complementary and Alternatie Medicine Development and its Status of Ayurveda The Ayurveda Wars,''Indian Express'' A research study published in the such as Lead , Mercury and Arsenic in 20% of Ayurvedic preparations that were made in South Asia for sale in America. The Journal found that, if taken according to the manufacturers' instructions, this 20% of remedies "could result in heavy metal intakes above published regulatory standards" Journal of the American Medical Association Similar studies have been performed in India, and have confirmed these results. Cases of metal toxicity from use of ayurvedic medicines are well known. Indian express Some practitioners claimed that "heavy metals are integral to some formulations and have been used for centuries. There is no point of doing trials as they have been used safely and have mention in our ancient texts." There is a technique of detoxification applied to heavy metals and toxic herbs called Samskaras , which is similar to the Chinese Pao Zhi although the Ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.Alan Keith Tillotson. AHG, PhD, D.Ay ''The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know About Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments'' 2001 An intriguing study of the effectiveness of the Ayurvedic samskaras was printed in the Journal of Postgrad Medicine[http://oneearthherbs.squarespace.com/safety-regulation/ Safety & Regulation -- Who's Watching the Herbal Store?", Tillotson Institute of Natural Health.]:
It should be noted that the cited paper makes no mention of prayer being employed during the detoxification, which calls into question its necessity in the process. The described detoxification is a simple chemical processing which involves four succesive rounds of boiling the crude root in cow's urine (twice) and cow's milk (twice). Such processing is reasonably expected to chemically modify both toxic and proposed therapeutic components of the root. It will also lead to extraction of these compounds from the root into the boiling solvents, thereby decreasing their concentration in the final product. It should also be noted that, while these washes appear to ameliorate the toxicity of the crude root, there is no evidence that the processed root has any therapeutic value. A search of the Citation Index, via Web of Science (isiknowledge.com), returned no mention of any therapeutic value for aconite. However, the literature is replete with instances of aconite poisoning, though no mention of specific processing is made in these poisoning cases. "Miracle Cures" Some critics also question the safety of those Ayurvedic drugs that are said to provide "Miracle Cures". "miraculous cures". The critics argue that simply following age-old Ayurvedic formulas is no guarantee of safety and the fundamental processes and concepts on which these ancient processes are based must be exposed to serious scientific scrutiny. SEE ALSO
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